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In the original publication [...].
RESUMO
It is of great economic, environmental and social benefit to discover harmless treatment and resource utilization options for spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), which contain a large proportion of valuable metal elements (e.g., Li, Ni, Co, Mn, Cu, and Al) and poisonous chemicals (e.g., lithium hexafluorophosphate and polyvinylidene fluoride). The present work summarized the leading technologies and hot issues in the disposal of spent LIBs from new energy vehicles. Moreover, development of the trend of innovative technologies for the recycling of spent LIBs is recommended.
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The Al2O3-SiO2, La2O3-Al2O3, and La2O3-SiO2 binary phase diagrams were estimated by Redlich-Kister expression. La4.67Si3O13 (=La4.67(SiO4)3O) was introduced to improve the existing phase diagrams. The Al2O3-SiO2-La2O3 ternary phase diagram extrapolated by Kohler method was optimized. Then, the liquidus of Al2O3-SiO2-La2O3 system at 1600 °C was compared with Al2O3-SiO2-RE2O3 (RE = Rare Earth Elements) systems and experimental results in other literature. The high temperature experiments were conducted in the tube furnace at 1500 °C. Then the field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were employed to verify the calculated liquid region and precipitates phase at 1500 °C. Moreover, the liquidus of binary systems were compared with FactSage results and experiments. The optimized ternary phase diagram shows the relatively reliable region of liquid phase, and it is significant to the seal glass of solid oxide fuel cells and other fields being related to RE containing silicates.
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Ce-doped nano-α-Fe2O3 was successfully synthesized via the hydrothermal method. The properties of the prepared particles were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and electrochemical methods. It was found that the Ce element can be doped into the α-Fe2O3 lattice resulting in lattice distortion, which can refine the grain and improve the crystal surface's integrity significantly. In addition, doping of Ce element can shorten the Fe-O bond length in the α-Fe2O3 crystal, cause a blue shift of the stretching vibration band, enhance binding energy of Fe-O and the chemical stability of the α-Fe2O3 crystal.
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To reduce fluorine pollution, partial fluoride could be replaced by Na2C03 in mould flux for continuous casting. The properties including melting temperature, viscosity fluidity, surface tension and A1203 inclusion adsorption of low fluoride content mould flux with addition of Na2C03 for thin slab casting were studied. The results showed that with the increase in Na2C03 content, melting temperature, viscosity and viscous activation energy of mould flux decreased obviously, fluidity increased, surface tension changed little, and A1203 inclusion adsorption of mould flux increased. The Na2C03 could play effective role when its content was less than 9%. The results would play a guiding role in designing of low fluoride content mould flux for thin slab continuous casting.