Analysis of the apoplast fluid proteome during the induction of systemic acquired resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Background: Plant-pathogen interactions occur in the apoplast comprising the cell wall matrix and the fluid in the extracellular space outside the plasma membrane. However, little is known regarding the contribution of the apoplastic proteome to systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Methods: Specifically, SAR was induced by inoculating plants with Pst DC3000 avrRps4. The apoplast washing fluid (AWF) was collected from the systemic leaves of the SAR-induced or mock-treated plants. A label free quantitative proteomic analysis was performed to identified the proteins related to SAR in AWF. Results: A total of 117 proteins were designated as differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs), including numerous pathogenesis-related proteins, kinases, glycosyl hydrolases, and redox-related proteins. Functional enrichment analyses shown that these DAPs were mainly enriched in carbohydrate metabolic process, cell wall organization, hydrogen peroxide catabolic process, and positive regulation of catalytic activity. Comparative analysis of proteome data indicated that these DAPs were selectively enriched in the apoplast during the induction of SAR. Conclusions: The findings of this study indicate the apoplastic proteome is involved in SAR. The data presented herein may be useful for future investigations on the molecular mechanism mediating the establishment of SAR.

Chromosome-level genome assembly provides new insights into Japanese chestnut (Castanea crenata) genomes.

Japanese chestnut (Castanea crenata Sieb. et Zucc) is an economically and ecologically important chestnut species in East Asia. Here, we presented a high-quality chromosome-level reference genome of the Japanese chestnut cultivar 'Tsukuba' by combining Nanopore long reads and Hi-C sequencing. The final assembly has a size of 718.30 Mb and consists of 12 pseudochromosomes ranging from 41.03 to 92.03 Mb, with a BUSCO complete gene percentage of 97.6%. A total of 421.37 Mb repetitive sequences and 46,744 gene models encoding 46,463 proteins were predicted in the genome. Genome evolution analysis showed that Japanese chestnut is closely related to Chinese chestnut and these species shared a common ancestor ~6.5 million years ago. This high-quality Japanese chestnut genome represents an important resource for the chestnut genomics community and will improve our understanding of chestnut biology and evolution.

Experimental solution for scattered imaging of the interference of plasmonic and photonic mode waves launched by metal nano-slits.

Using an L-shaped metal nanoslit to generate waves of the pure photonic and plasmonic modes simultaneously, we perform an experimental solution for the scattered imaging of the interference of the two waves. From the fringe data of interference, the amplitudes and the wavevector components of the two waves are obtained. The initial phases of the two waves are obtained from the phase map reconstructed with the interference of the scattered image and the reference wave in the interferometer. The difference in the wavevector components gives rise to an additional phase delay. We introduce the scattering theory under Kirchhoff's approximation to metal slit regime and explain the wavevector difference reasonably. The solution of the quantities is a comprehensive reflection of excitation, scattering and interference of the two waves. By decomposing the polarized incident field with respect to the slit element, the scattered image produced by slit of arbitrary shape can be solved with the nanoscale Huygens-Fresnel principle. This is demonstrated by the experimental intensity pattern and phase map produced by a ring-slit and its consistency with the calculated results.

Expression of a novel recombinant fusion protein BVN-Tß4 and its effects on diabetic wound healing.

A recombinant fusion protein BVN-Tß4 is successfully expressed in Escherichia coli, purified in the laboratory and applied onto the wounds of diabetic mice to investigate its effects on diabetic wound healing. Our results show that the recombinant protein BVN-Tß4 can promote diabetic wound healing in the murine model.