RESUMO
Purpose: The lack of knowledge and the excessive and inappropriate use of antibiotics are some of the causes of bacterial resistance. Hemodialysis patients have a high consumption of antibiotics and are constantly cared by their household contacts. This population circulates between hospital and community and are a model to study knowledge regarding bacterial resistance and antibiotic use in these settings. This study describes the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) about antibiotic use and bacterial resistance in hemodialysis patients and their household contacts in Medellín-Colombia. Patients and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on hemodialysis patients from a renal unit associated with a hospital in Medellín-Colombia, and their household contacts between May 2019 and March 2020. A KAP instrument was applied to participants during home visits. The KAP regarding antibiotic use were characterized, and a content analysis of open questions was made. Results: A total of 35 hemodialysis patients and 95 of their household contacts were included. Of participants, 83.1% (108/130) did not correctly identify the situations in which antibiotics should be used. Likewise, a gap in knowledge about antibacterial resistance was evidenced thanks to the emerging categories in content analysis. Regarding attitudes, 36.9% (48/130) of the participants discontinued antibiotic treatment when they felt better. Additionally, 43.8% (57/130) agree to keep antibiotics in their home. Finally, it was found that it is usual for pharmacists and family members to recommend or sell antibiotics without prescription; likewise, pharmacies were the most popular place to acquire these medications. Conclusion: This study identified gaps in KAP regarding the use of antibiotics and bacterial resistance in hemodialysis patients and their household contacts. This allows focusing education strategies in this regard, in order to increase awareness about the correct use of antibiotics and the consequences of bacterial resistance and to improve prevention actions in this vulnerable population.
RESUMO
Antimicrobial resistance worsens the prognosis in patients with chronic diseases. Patients on hemodialysis have infection rates that exceed those reported in other types of patients. Colonization has been suggested as a risk factor for the development of infections. However, the majority of the studies that have evaluated this association have methodological limitations that have called into question the validity of the results; such as the lack of use of molecular methods to confirm that the colonizing species are the same as that which causes infection, the measurement of exposure only at the beginning of the study, the absence of follow-up, the evaluation of bacteremia as the only important outcome and the focus only on Staphylococcus aureus, without including other resistant bacteria of clinical importance such as multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. This lead to the need to use molecular epidemiology methods for refine the association between colonization and infection in endemic countries like Colombia, where the high rates of antimicrobial resistance demand accurate prevention strategies in susceptible patients.
La resistencia antimicrobiana empeora el pronóstico en pacientes con enfermedades crónicas. Los pacientes en hemodiálisis son un grupo particularmente afectado con porcentajes de infección bacteriana que exceden las reportadas en otro tipo de pacientes. La colonización ha sido sugerida como un factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de infecciones. Sin embargo, los estudios que han evaluado esta asociación presentan limitaciones metodológicas que han cuestionado la validez de los resultados; como la falta de utilización de métodos moleculares que confirmen que la especie que coloniza es la misma que causa infección, la medición de la exposición solo al inicio del estudio, la ausencia de seguimiento y la evaluación de bacteriemia como el único desenlace de importancia. Así mismo, la mayoría de los estudios se han enfocado solo en Staphylococcus aureus sin incluir otras bacterias resistentes de importancia clínica como son los bacilos Gram negativos multirresistentes. Lo anterior lleva a la necesidad de utilizar métodos de epidemiología molecular que permitan refinar el análisis de la asociación entre colonización e infección, más aún en países endémicos como Colombia, en el que los altos porcentajes de resistencia demandan estrategias de prevención más certeras en pacientes susceptibles.
Assuntos
Humanos , Diálise Renal , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Infecções Assintomáticas , Staphylococcus aureus , Bactérias , Fatores de Risco , Bactérias Gram-Negativas , InfecçõesRESUMO
Introducción: la producción de enzimas con actividad hidrolítica frente a carbapenémicos, denominadascarbapenemasas, es uno de los principales mecanismos de resistencia a carbapenémicos en Pseudomonas aeruginosa. El test de Hodge modificado es la prueba fenotípica más empleada para la detección de carbapenemasas; sin embargo, de acuerdo con el CLSI, este método sólo puede emplearse en Enterobacteriáceas ya que presenta limitaciones en Bacilos Gram negativos no fermentadorescomo Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Objetivo: evaluar la eficacia de variaciones del test de Hodge modificado para la detección de carbapenemasas en aislados de Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Materiales y métodos: se evaluó el desempeño del test 3D y tres variaciones del test de Hodge modificado, tomando como prueba de referencia la detección de los genes de las carbapenemasas KPC, VIM, IMP, NDM y OXA-48 mediante reacción en cadena de la polimerasa. Las variaciones consistieron en emplear: a) agar MacConkey en lugar de Mueller Hinton, b) Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 700603 como cepa indicadora sensible a carbapenémicos en lugar de Escherichia coli ATCC 29212 y c) las dos condiciones anteriores simultáneamente. Resultados: de los ensayos evaluados, la tercera variación, que empleó tanto agar MacConkey como la cepa indicadora de Klebsiella pneumoniaeATCC 700603, mostró los mejores valores de sensibilidad y especificidad para la detección de carbapenemasas en Pseudomonas aeruginosa (90,0% y 85,7%, respectivamente). Conclusiones: la implementación de las variaciones del test de Hodge modificado podría ser una alternativa económica y de fácil realización para la detección fenotípica de carbapenemasas en Pseudomonas aeruginosa en los laboratorios de Microbiología Clínica.
Introduction: one of the most important mechanisms of carbapenem resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the production of carbapenem-hydrolyzing enzymes known as carbapenemases. The modified Hodge test is the most frequently used phenotypic screening test for carbapenemases. Nevertheless,CLSI recommends using modified Hodge test only in members of Enterobacteriaceae, sincethe test has demonstrated limitations in other Gram-negative bacilli and non-glucose-fermenters as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Objective: To evaluate the performance of 3D test and three variations of modified Hodge test to detect carbapenemases in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates. Materials and methods: The efficacy of 3D test and three variations in modified Hodge test were evaluated taking polymerase chain reaction for carbapenemases KPC, VIM, IMP, NDM and OXA-48 as the gold standard. Variations consisted in using a) MacConckey agar instead of Mueller Hinton, b) Klebsiellapneumoniae ATCC 700603 as indicator carbapenem-sensitive strain instead of Escherichia coli ATCC 29212 and c) last two conditions simultaneously. Results: Of the variations tested, the third assay using both MacConckey agar and Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 700603 showed the best sensitivity and specificity (90.0% and 85.7%, respectively). Conclusions: The implementation of variations in modified Hodge test could be a cheap and easy to perform alternative for phenotypic carbapenemase detection in Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Clinical Microbiology laboratories.
