Factores de riesgo psicosocial para embarazo temprano y deserción escolar en mujeres adolescentes / Risk Psychosocial Factors to School Dropout and Early Teenage Pregnancy / Fatores de risco psicossocial para gravidez precoce e deserção escolar em mulheres adolescentes

Para explorar la frecuencia y peso con que los factores de riesgo psicosocial predisponen a los desenlaces de embarazo temprano y deserción escolar en las adolescentes, se realizó una revisión descriptiva. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda y revisión de los resultados presentados por los estudios observacionales en la base de datos indexada de Pubmed desde el 27 de julio de 2010 hasta el 25 de julio de 2013, restringiendo la búsqueda a estudios en humanos, escritos en español o inglés, no realizados en países de África o Asia; se amplió la búsqueda a la base de lilacs para los años entre 2006-2013, para países de América Latina. Fueron elegibles para inclusión, todos los estudios de casos y controles que compararan diferentes tipos de intervenciones y factores de riesgo psicosocial en adolescentes. Resultados: La revisión sugiere, como principales factores psicosociales relacionados con el embarazo y la deserción escolar en las adolescentes, la violencia experimentada durante la adolescencia, el abuso sexual, pertenecer a un estrato socioeconómico bajo, baja autoestima, trastornos en la conducta alimentaria, el tabaquismo, alcoholismo y drogadicción, los trastornos mentales, el inicio temprano de relaciones sexuales, baja unidad familiar y falta de acceso a información y recursos para la planificación. Conclusiones: Se describieron los factores de riesgo relacionados con embarazo y deserción escolar, intervenciones dirigidas a los factores de riesgo descritos potencialmente podrían contribuir a la disminución de estos desenlaces.

To explore the frequency and weight that psychosocial risk factors predispose to outcomes of early pregnancy and scholar dropout, a descriptive review was conducted. Materials and Methods: A search and review of the results reported by observational studies in the PubMed database indexed from July 27, 2010 until July 25, 2013 was performed, restricting the search to studies in humans, Spanish or English written, not made in countries in Africa or Asia. Search was widened to LILACS database for the years 2006 to 2013 for Latinamerican countries. For inclusion, all case-control studies comparing different types of interventions and psychosocial risk factors in adolescents were eligible. Results: The review suggests violence experienced during adolescence, sexual abuse, belonging to a low socioeconomic status, low self-esteem, eating behavior disorders, smoking, alcoholism and drug addiction, mental disorders, early initiation of sex, poor family ties, lack of access to information, and resources for family planning as main psychosocial factors related to early pregnancy and scholar dropout in adolescents. Conclusions: Both risk factors associated with pregnancy and scholar dropout were described, and interventions targeting the described risk factors could potentially contribute to the reduction of these outcomes were described.

Para explorar a frequência e peso com que os fatores de risco psicossocial predispõem aos desenlaces de gravidez precoce e deserção escolar nas adolescentes, se realizou uma revisão descritiva. Materiais e métodos: realizou-se uma busca e revisão dos resultados apresentados pelos estudos observacionais na base de dados indexada de Pubmed desde o 27 de julho de 2010 até o 25 de julho de 2013, restringindo a busca a estudos em humanos, escritos em espanhol ou inglês, não realizados em países da África o da Ásia. Ampliou-se a busca à base de lilacs para os anos compreendidos de 2006 ao 2013, para países da América Latina. Foram elegíveis para inclusão, todos os estudos de casos e controles que compararam diferentes tipos de intervenções e fatores de risco psicossocial em adolescentes. Resultados: a revisão sugere, como principais fatores psicossociais relacionados com a gravidez e a deserção escolar nas adolescentes, à violência experimentada durante a adolescência, o abuso sexual; pertencer a um estrato socioeconómico baixo; baixa autoestima; transtornos na conduta alimentaria; o tabaquismo, alcoolismo e toxicomania; os transtornos mentais; o início precoce de relações sexuais, baixa unidade familiar e falta de acesso a informação e recursos para a planificação. Conclusões: descreveram-se os fatores de risco relacionados com gravides e deserção escolar, intervenções dirigidas aos fatores de risco descritos potencialmente poderiam contribuir à diminuição destes desenlaces.

Structural and electronic properties of uranium-encapsulated Au14 cage.

The structural properties of the uranium-encapsulated nano-cage U@Au14 are predicted using density functional theory. The presence of the uranium atom makes the Au14 structure more stable than the empty Au14-cage, with a triplet ground electronic state for U@Au14. Analysis of the electronic structure shows that the two frontier single-occupied molecular orbital electrons of U@Au14 mainly originate from the 5f shell of the U atom after charge transfer. Meanwhile, the bonding orbitals and charge population indicate that the designed U@Au14 nano-cage structure is stabilized by ionocovalent interactions. The current findings provide theoretical basis for future syntheses and further study of actinide doped gold nanoclusters, which might subsequently facilitate applications of such structure in radio-labeling, nanodrug carrier and other biomedical applications.

Reconstructing the Most Probable Folding Transition Path from Replica Exchange Molecular Dynamics Simulations.

The characterization of transition pathways between long-lived states, and the identification of the corresponding transition state ensembles are useful tools in the study of rare events such as protein folding. In this work we demonstrate how the most probable transition path between metastable states can be recovered from replica exchange molecular dynamic simulation data by using the dynamic string method. The local drift vector in collective variables is determined via short continuous trajectories between replica exchanges at a given temperature, and points along the string are updated based on this drift vector to produce reaction pathways between the folded and unfolded state. The method is applied to a designed beta hairpin-forming peptide to obtain information on the folding mechanism and transition state using different sets of collective variables at various temperatures. Two main folding pathways differing in the order of events are found and discussed, and the relative free energy differences for each path estimated. Finally, the structures near the transition state are found and described.