Cálculo del riesgo biológico de multirrecidiva y progresión del carcinoma urotelial no músculo-invasivo mediante nuevos modelos matemáticos / Risk estimation of multiple recurrence and progression of non muscle invasive bladder carcinoma using new mathematical models

Objetivo: El carcinoma urotelial de vejiga no músculo-invasivo (CVNMI) se caracteriza por eventos repetidos en forma de recidiva tumoral o la aparición de progresión tumoral. La aplicación del modelo de Cox para analizar estos eventos no es válido, ya que los tiempos entre recurrencias de un mismo paciente pueden estar fuertemente correlacionados, y se requiere otro tipo de modelización matemática. El objetivo del estudio es aplicar nuevos modelos matemáticos apropiados a las características biológicas del CVNMI. Material y métodos: Novecientos sesenta pacientes con diagnóstico de CVNMI con una media de seguimiento de 48,1 (3-160) meses y validación del modelo con 240 pacientes de otro centro. Se realizó resección transuretral con biopsias aleatorias. Las variables analizadas fueron: número y tamaño tumoral, edad, tratamiento adyuvante y características anatomopatológicas del tumor (grado y estadio). Para el análisis estadístico se utilizaron extensiones del modelo de Cox como el modelo de fragilidad conjunta para la multirrecidiva y progresión tumoral. Para la validación del modelo se utilizó el índice de concordancia. Resultados: Cuatrocientos sesenta y ocho (48,8%) pacientes tuvieron una recidiva tumoral y 52 (5,4%) presentaron progresión tumoral. Las variables que formaron parte del modelo para múltiple recidiva fueron la edad, el grado, el número, el tratamiento empleado y el número previo de recidivas, mientras que para progresión fueron la edad, el estadio y el grado. El índice de concordancia fue 0,64 para la multirrecidiva y 0,85 para la progresión. Conclusión: La alta concordancia obtenida y la validación con una fuente externa permite predecir con mayor precisión el riesgo de multirrecidiva y progresión

Objective: To apply new mathematical models according to Non Muscle Invasive Bladder Carcinoma (NMIBC) biological characteristics and enabling an accurate risk estimation of multiple recurrences and tumor progression. The classical Cox model is not valid for the assessment of this kind of events becausethe time betweenrecurrencesin the same patientmay be stronglycorrelated. These new models for risk estimation of recurrence/progression lead to individualized monitoring and treatment plan. Materials and methods: 960 patients with primary NMIBC were enrolled. The median follow-up was 48.1 (3-160) months. Results obtained were validated in 240 patients from other center. Transurethral resection of the bladder (TURB) and random bladder biopsy were performed. Subsequently, adjuvant localized chemotherapy was performed. The variables analyzed were: number and tumor size, age, chemotherapy and histopathology. The endpoints were time to recurrence and time to progression. Cox model and its extensions were used as joint frailty model for multiple recurrence and progression. Model accuracy was calculated using Harrell's concordance index (c-index). Results: 468 (48.8%) patients developed at least one tumor recurrence and tumor progression was reported in 52 (5.4%) patients. Variables for multiple-recurrence risk are: age, grade, number, size, treatment and the number of prior recurrences. All these together with age, stage and grade are the variables for progression risk. Concordance index was 0.64 and 0.85 for multiple recurrence and progression respectively. Conclusion: the high concordance reported besides to the validation process in external source, allow accurate multi-recurrence/progression risk estimation. As consequence, it is possible to schedule a follow-up and treatment individualized plan in new and recurrent NMCB cases

Risk estimation of multiple recurrence and progression of non muscle invasive bladder carcinoma using new mathematical models.

OBJECTIVE: To apply new mathematical models according to Non Muscle Invasive Bladder Carcinoma (NMIBC) biological characteristics and enabling an accurate risk estimation of multiple recurrences and tumor progression. The classical Cox model is not valid for the assessment of this kind of events becausethe time betweenrecurrencesin the same patientmay be stronglycorrelated. These new models for risk estimation of recurrence/progression lead to individualized monitoring and treatment plan. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 960 patients with primary NMIBC were enrolled. The median follow-up was 48.1 (3-160) months. Results obtained were validated in 240 patients from other center. Transurethral resection of the bladder (TURB) and random bladder biopsy were performed. Subsequently, adjuvant localized chemotherapy was performed. The variables analyzed were: number and tumor size, age, chemotherapy and histopathology. The endpoints were time to recurrence and time to progression. Cox model and its extensions were used as joint frailty model for multiple recurrence and progression. Model accuracy was calculated using Harrell's concordance index (c-index). RESULTS: 468 (48.8%) patients developed at least one tumor recurrence and tumor progression was reported in 52 (5.4%) patients. Variables for multiple-recurrence risk are: age, grade, number, size, treatment and the number of prior recurrences. All these together with age, stage and grade are the variables for progression risk. Concordance index was 0.64 and 0.85 for multiple recurrence and progression respectively. CONCLUSION: the high concordance reported besides to the validation process in external source, allow accurate multi-recurrence/progression risk estimation. As consequence, it is possible to schedule a follow-up and treatment individualized plan in new and recurrent NMCB cases.

¿Debe emplearse de manera sistemática el cateterismo ureteral en los implantes renales? / Should ureteral catheterization be systematically used in kidney transplants?

Objetivo: evaluar si el uso sistemático de catéter ureteral doble J en las ureteroneocistostomías de los trasplantes renales reduce la tasa de complicaciones. Material y métodos: estudio prospectivo comparativo no aleatorizado de grupos paralelos, en194 trasplantes renales. Se establecieron dos grupos homogéneos: 111 pacientes con catéter doble J y otro de 83 pacientes sin catéter. Analizamos la incidencia de complicaciones entre ambos grupos, mediante análisis univariante comparativo (test de X2) y el análisis multivariante (regresión logística). Resultados: en el grupo con catéter las complicaciones globales aparecieron en el 22,2% frente al 43,3% del grupo sin catéter (p = 0,04). En función del reimplante ureteral aparecieron complicaciones en el 38,12% del reimplante tipo Paquin frente al 20,3% en Lich-Gregoir (p = 0,09). Enel grupo con catéter se evidenció una (0,9%) fístula urinaria frente a 5 (6%) del grupo sin catéter (p = 0,08), y 3 (2,7%) estenosis de la anastomosis ureterovesical en el grupo con catéter frente a 7 (8,4%) del grupo sin él (p = 0,13). El análisis multivariante demostró que la no utilización de catéter aumenta el riesgo de sufrir complicaciones relacionadas con el reimplante (OR 2,55;IC 95%: 1,37-4,75). El riesgo de fístula aumentó significativamente al no colocar catéter (OR:9,19; IC 95%: 1,01-84,7). No hubo diferencias entre ambos grupos en cuanto a las infecciones del tracto urinario, produciéndose tres (2,7%) en el grupo con catéter y una (1,2%) en el grupo sin catéter (p = 0,63). Conclusiones: la colocación de catéter doble J reduce las complicaciones relacionadas con el reimplante ureteral sin aumentar la morbilidad asociada a su uso (AU)

Objective: To assess if the systematic use of double J ureteral catheters in ureteroneocystostomies of kidney transplants reduces the rate of complications. Materials and methods: Non-randomized prospective, comparative study of parallel groups in194 kidney transplants. We established two equal groups, 111 patients with double J catheter and another of 83 catheter-free patients. We studied the incidence of complications between both groups by means of a univariate comparative study (X2 test) and a multivariate analysis(logistic regression). Results: In the catheter group, the overall complications appeared in 22.2% as opposed to43.3% of the catheter-free group (p = 0.04). Depending on the ureteral transplant, complications appeared in 38.12% of the Paquin type reimplantation as opposed to the 20.3% in Lich-Gregoir (p = 0.09). There was evidence of 1 (0.9%) urinary fistula in the catheter group as opposed to 5 (6%) in the catheter-free group (p = 0.08), and 3 (2.7%) ureterovesical anastomosis stricture in the group with catheter against 7 (8.4%) of the catheter-free group (p = 0.13). The multivariate analysis showed that not using the catheter increases the risk of suffering complications related to reimplantation (OR: 2.55; IC 95%, 1.37-4.75). The risk of fistula increased significantly when a catheter was not placed (OR 9.19, IC 95%, 1.01-84.7). There were no differences between the two groups as regards urinary tract infections; there were 3 (2.7%) in the catheter group and 1(1.2%) in the catheter-free group (p = 0,63). Conclusions: The placement of a double J catheter reduces complications related to ureteral reimplantation without increasing the morbidity associated with their use (AU)

[Should ureteral catheterization be systematically used in kidney transplants?]. / ¿Debe emplearse de manera sistemática el cateterismo ureteral en los implantes renales?

OBJECTIVE: To assess if the systematic use of double J ureteral catheters in ureteroneocystostomies of kidney transplants reduces the rate of complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Non-randomized prospective, comparative study of parallel groups in 194 kidney transplants. We established two equal groups, 111 patients with double J catheter and another of 83 catheter-free patients. We studied the incidence of complications between both groups by means of a univariate comparative study (X2 test)and a multivariate analysis (logistic regression). RESULTS: In the catheter group, the overall complications appeared in 22.2% as opposed to 43.3% of the catheter-free group (p=0.04). Depending on the ureteral transplant, complications appeared in 38.12% of the Paquin type reimplantation as opposed to the 20.3% in Lich-Gregoir (p=0.09). There was evidence of 1 (0.9%) urinary fistula in the catheter group as opposed to 5 (6%) in the catheter-free group (p=0.08), and 3 (2.7%) ureterovesical anastomosis stricture in the group with catheter against 7 (8.4%) of the catheter-free group (p=0.13). The multivariate analysis showed that not using the catheter increases the risk of suffering complications related to reimplantation (OR: 2.55; IC 95%, 1.37-4.75). The risk of fistula increased significantly when a catheter was not placed (OR 9.19, IC 95%, 1.01-84.7). There were no differences between the two groups as regards urinary tract infections; there were 3 (2.7%) in the catheter group and 1 (1.2%) in the catheter-free group (p=0,63). CONCLUSIONS: The placement of a double J catheter reduces complications related to ureteral reimplantation without increasing the morbidity associated with their use.

[Prospective validation of a nomogram predictive of a positive initial prostate biopsy]. / Validación prospectiva de un nomograma predictivo de la presencia de cáncer de próstata en pacientes que se someten a biopsia transrectal ecodirigida de 10 cilindros.

INTRODUCTION: Ultrasound-guided transrectal prostate biopsy is currently an indispensable test for diagnosing prostate cancer. Many variables have been related to the presence of cancer in the biopsy (e.g. digital rectal examination [DRE], serum levels of prostate-specific antigen [PSA], free PSA fraction [PSAI/PSAt]). Multivariate mathematical models integrating these variables (nomograms, artificial network models) and improving the capacity to predict tests results are currently available. OBJECTIVE: To develop a nomogram for predicting the probability of a positive prostate biopsy in patients in whom this test is requested, and to use such nomogram in subsequent patients to assess its predictive ability. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 410 consecutive patients undergoing biopsy due to a suspicious digital rectal examination or two serum PSA values higher than 4 ng/mL were enrolled into the study. Ten cores were taken in the prostate biopsy. Patients with both PSA levels >20 ng/ml and prior biopsies were excluded. The following variables were recorded in each patient: age, total PSA, free PSA fraction, prostate volume, transition zone volume, PSA density, PSA density adjusted by transition zone volume, digital rectal examination, and findings suggesting cancer during transrectal ultrasound (hypoechogenic nodules). Prospective external validation was performed with 185 patients who met the same inclusion criteria. Statistical analysis consisted of four phases: a univariate study, a multivariate logistic regression study which was used to develop the nomogram, internal validation, and prospective external validation. S-Plus#r Programme Design and SPSS 12.0#r software was used for the procedure. RESULTS: Variables found to be independently and significantly associated to the presence of cancer included age, digital rectal examination, trnsition zone volume, PSA density, and the presence of hypoechogenic nodules during transrectal ultrasound. Such variables were therefore used to develop the nomogram. The goodness-of-fit of the nomogram was 84%. Validation with an external sample showed a 73% concordance index. CONCLUSION: A nomogram having a satisfactory predictive ability and fit that allows for predicting the prostate biopsy result with a high accuracy rate was developed.

Validación prospectiva de un nomograma predictivo de la presencia de cáncer de próstata en pacientes que se someten a biopsia transrectal ecodirigida de 10 cilindros / Prospective validation of a nomogram predictive of a positive initial prostate biopsy

Introducción: la biopsia prostática transrectal ecodirigida es, hasta la fecha, la prueba ineludible en el diagnóstico del cáncer de próstata. Numerosas variables se han asociado de manera univariante y multivariante a la presencia de cáncer en la biopsia (tacto rectal [TR], antígeno prostático específico (PSA) sérico, fracción libre del PSA [PSAl/PSAt], etc.). Actualmente están en boga modelos matemáticos multivariantes que integran estas variables y que mejoran la capacidad predictiva del resultado de la prueba. Objetivo: desarrollar un modelo matemático particular que estime la probabilidad de los pacientes, a quienes se indique una biopsia de próstata, de que esta sea positiva. Del mismo modo aplicarlo a pacientes ulteriores y evaluar su capacidad predictiva. Material y método: incluimos 410 pacientes biopsiados de manera consecutiva por sospecha en el TR o por dos PSA séricos mayores de 4 ng/ml. La biopsia prostática se realizaba con toma de 10 cilindros. Se excluyeron los pacientes con PSA > 20 y aquellos con biopsias previas. Las variables registradas en cada paciente eran: edad, PSA total- fracción libre de PSA, volumen prostático, volumen de la zona transicional, densidad del PSA, densidad del PSA respecto de la zona transicional, TR, presencia de hallazgos sugestivos de cáncer durante la ecografía transrectal (nódulos hipoecoicos). La validación externa prospectiva se llevó a cabo con 185 pacientes con idénticos criterios de inclusión. El análisis estadístico consta de cuatro fases: un estudio univariante, uno multivariante por regresión logística mediante el cual se desarrolla el nomograma, una validación interna y una validación externa prospectiva. Se utilizaron los programas S-Plus(R) y SPSS 12.0(R) para el desarrollo matemático. Resultados: las variables que, en el modelo multivariante, se asociaban de manera independiente y significativa a la presencia de cáncer fueron: la edad, el TR, el volumen de la zona transicional, el PSA-densidad y la presencia de nódulos hipoecoicos durante la ecografía transrectal. Con dichas variables se desarrolló un modelo matemático gráfico, nomograma; dicho nomograma tenía una bondad de ajuste del 84%. Se procedió a la validación con una muestra externa en el que objetivamos un índice de concordancia del 73%. Conclusión: desarrollamos una herramienta matemática con una capacidad predictiva y ajuste satisfactorios que permite, con una alta tasa de aciertos, conocer el resultado de la biopsia de próstata(AU)

Introduction: Ultrasound-guided transrectal prostate biopsy is currently an indispensable test for diagnosing prostate cancer. Many variables have been related to the presence of cancer in the biopsy (e.g. digital rectal examination [DRE], serum levels of prostate-specific antigen [PSA], free PSA fraction [PSAI/PSAt]). Multivariate mathematical models integrating these variables (nomograms, artificial network models) and improving the capacity to predict tests results are currently available. Objective: To develop a nomogram for predicting the probability of a positive prostate biopsy in patients in whom this test is requested, and to use such nomogram in subsequent patients to assess its predictive ability. Material and methods: A total of 410 consecutive patients undergoing biopsy due to a suspicious digital rectal examination or two serum PSA values higher than 4 ng/mL were enrolled into the study. Ten cores were taken in the prostate biopsy. Patients with both PSA levels >20 ng/ml and prior biopsies were excluded. The following variables were recorded in each patient: age, total PSA, free PSA fraction, prostate volume, transition zone volume, PSA density, PSA density adjusted by transition zone volume, digital rectal examination, and findings suggesting cancer during transrectal ultrasound (hypoechogenic nodules). Prospective external validation was performed with 185 patients who met the same inclusion criteria. Statistical analysis consisted of four phases: a univariate study, a multivariate logistic regression study which was used to develop the nomogram, internal validation, and prospective external validation. S-Plus#r Programme Design and SPSS 12.0#r software was used for the procedure. Results: Variables found to be independently and significantly associated to the presence of cancer included age, digital rectal examination, trnsition zone volume, PSA density, and the presence of hypoechogenic nodules during transrectal ultrasound. Such variables were therefore used to develop the nomogram. The goodness-of-fit of the nomogram was 84%. Validation with an external sample showed a 73% concordance index. Conclusion: A nomogram having a satisfactory predictive ability and fit that allows for predicting the prostate biopsy result with a high accuracy rate was developed(AU)

[Significance of residual hyperplastic cells after radical prostatectomy. A literature review]. / Trascendencia de células hiperplásicas residuales a la prostatectomía radical. Revisión de la literatura.

INTRODUCTION: Radical prostatectomy represents a standard surgical treatment for clinically localized prostate cancer. Classically pathologist and urologist worried about positive surgical margin, but not to the presence of surgery residual hyperplastic cells able to generate prostate specific antigen (PSA) and difficult the follow up of the patients that underwent surgery. We reviewed the literature looking for the incidence, the potential etiology and the influence of these hyperplastic cells in the biochemical evolution of the disease. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The information for this review was compiled by searching the Pubmed database. We used "Mesh", Prostatectomy" and "Prostatic Neoplasms" and "Prostate-Specific Antigen" terms, and we added "biochemical failure" and/or "hyperplasic cells" and/or "benign cells". Furthermore, we select the work in English, Spanish and German, review articles that referenced this work and include the series with more than 50 patients, letters to the editor, editorials and overall reviews. CONCLUSIONS: Benign hyperplasic cells left behind after radical prostatectomy are frequent and probably under-rated. The influence of those cells in the biochemical outcome is a controversial issue. Positive margins for benign cells can come from apex or neck of the bladder, where the prostatic capsule is not well defined, but no from dorso-lateral area, this would imply a technical mistake. We recommend the inspection of the specimen by the surgeon, after prostatectomy in order to detect apex integrity, cranial and dorso-lateral capsule.

Trascendencia de células hiperplásicas residuales a la prostatectomía radical. Revisión de la Literatura / Significance of residual hyperplastic cells after radical prostatectomy. A literature review

Introducción: La Prostatectomía radical es el tratamiento estándar para el cáncer de próstata órgano confinado. Clásicamente se presta atención a los márgenes positivos para células tumorales, pero no a la presencia de células hiperplásicas residuales a la cirugía capaces de generar antígeno prostático específico (PSA) y dificultar el seguimiento de los pacientes intervenidos. Esta situación nos lleva a plantear una revisión de la literatura, donde evaluemos la frecuencia de esta presencia, las posibles causas que lo justifiquen y la influencia de estas células en la evolución bioquímica de la enfermedad. Material y Método: Realizamos una búsqueda bibliográfica a través de la base de datos 'Pubmed' utilizando los términos 'Mesh' 'Prostatectomy' y 'Prostatic Neoplasms' y 'Prostate-Specific Antigen' a los que añadimos los términos 'biochemical failure' y/o 'hyperplasic cells' y/o 'benign cells' . Así mismo, seleccionamos los trabajos en lengua inglesa, española y alemana, revisamos los artículos que dichos trabajos referencian e incluimos las series con más de 50 pacientes, cartas al editor, editoriales y revisiones de conjunto. Conclusiones: La presencia de células hiperplásicas microscópicas residuales a la cirugía prostática radical, es un hecho frecuente que probablemente esté infra-evaluado. Los márgenes positivos para células benignas procederán de lápex o del cuello vesical donde la cápsula prostática no está bien definida, en ningún caso de la zona dorsolateral de la próstata, lo que traduciría un defecto de la técnica quirúrgica. La capacidad de estas células para generar PSA en cantidad suficiente para interferir en el seguimiento de los pacientes operados es controvertida. Recomendamos la inspección macroscópica de la pieza por el cirujano, tras la prostatectomía, para evaluar la integridad del ápex, zona craneal y cápsula dorsolateral (AU)

Introduction: Radical prostatectomy represents a standard surgical treatment for clinically localized prostate cancer. Classically pathologist and urologist worried about positive surgical margin, but not to the presence of surgery residual hyperplastic cells able to generate prostate specific antigen (PSA) and difficult the follow up of the patients that underwent surgery. We reviewed the literature looking for the incidence, the potential etiology and the influence of these hyperplastic cells in the biochemical evolution of the disease. Material and Method: The information for this review was compiled by searching the Pubmed database. We used 'Mesh', 'Prostatectomy' and 'Prostatic Neoplasms' and 'Prostate-Specific Antigen' terms, and we added 'biochemical failure' and/or 'hyperplasic cells' and/or 'benign cells'. Furthermore, we select the work in English, Spanish and German, review articles that referenced this work and include the series with more than 50 patients, letters to the editor, editorials and overall reviews. Conclusions: Benign hyperplasic cells left behind after radical prostatectomy are frequent and probably under-rated. The influence of those cells in the biochemical outcome is a controversial issue. Positive margins for benign cells can come from apex or neck of the bladder, where the prostatic capsule is not well defined, but no from dorso-lateral area, this would imply a technical mistake. We recommend the inspection of the specimen by the surgeon, after prostatectomy in order to detect apex integrity, cranial and dorso-lateral capsule (AU)

Arteritis de la temporal como forma de presentación del carcinoma de células renales / Temporal arteritis as initial manifestation of renal cell carcinoma

La vasculitis como síndrome paraneoplásico del carcinoma de células renales (CCR) ha sido raramente descrito. Presentamos el caso de una paciente que debutó con un cuadro Arteritis de la Temporal, diagnosticándose posteriormente de un CCR asintomático. La vasculitis resolvió tras el tratamiento quirúrgico del tumor

Vasculitis as paraneoplastic syndrome of renal cell carcinoma has been rarely report. We report a patient who initially was studied for temporal arteritis, and was later diagnosed of a renal cell carcinoma. The vasculitis resolves after surgery treatment of the tumour

[Incidental renal cancer in young adults: clinical and histopathological findings]. / Cancer renal incidental en pacientes menores de 40 años: hallazgos clinicos e histopatológicos.

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the clinical and pathological renal cancer (CR) characteristics in our series of tumours, analyzing its impact in the group of age less than 40 years. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We studied 294 patients with CR. The pathologic characteristics were analyzed and DNA ploidy pattern of the surgical pieces were done in 252 patients. The patients were divided in two groups based on age, greater or less to 40 years, well then clinical and pathologic characteristics were compared between. RESULTS: Of all patients, 26 of 294 patients (8,94%) were included in the young age group (less to 40 years). We did not found differences between both groups comparing stage, tumoral volume, treatment realized or DNA ploidy pattern, but in nuclear grade with more aggressive tumours in young people (p=0,0018), without differences in recurrence-free survival or actuarial disease specific survival rate. CONCLUSIONS: The findings in our study indicate that the natural history and outcome of the RC is similar in both older and younger patients. Therefore, in our opinion, the management of CR in young people should be established with independence of the age.

Cáncer renal incidental en pacientes menores de 40 años: hallazgos clínicos e histopatológicos / Inciental renal cancer in young adults: clinical and histopathological findings

Objetivo: Evaluar las características clínicas y patológicas del cáncer renal (CR) en nuestra serie de tumores, analizando su impacto en el grupo de edad de menores de 40 años. Material y método: Se estudiaron 294 pacientes con CR. En 252 se realizó un estudio del ADN tumoral mediante citometría de flujo e histopatológico de las piezas quirúrgicas. Los pacientes fueron divididos en dos grupos en función de la edad, mayores y menores de 40 años. Las características clínicas e histopatológicas fueron comparadas entre ambos grupos. Resultados: De los 294 pacientes, 26 (8,94%) se incluyeron en el grupo de edad menor o igual a 40 años. No hallamos diferencias significativas entre los grupos al comparar estadio, tamaño tumoral o tratamiento realizado, aunque encontramos un mayor número de tumores indiferenciados en los pacientes de menor edad (p=0,018). El análisis del ADN no evidenció diferencias en el porcentaje de aneuplodías al comparar ambos grupos. Tampoco encontramos diferencias al comparar la probabilidad de supervivencia actuarial cáncer específica en función de la edad. Conclusiones: El comportamiento biológico del CR en pacientes menores de 40 años (jóvenes) no parece diferente al del grupo de mayor edad. Por ello pensamos que los esquemas de tratamiento y seguimiento no deben diferir en función de la variable edad

Objective: to evaluate the clinical and pathological renal cancer (CR) characteristics in our series of tumours, analyzing its impact in the group of age less than 40 years. Material and methods: We studied 294 patients with CR. The pathologic characteristics were analyzed and DNA ploidy pattern of the surgical pieces were done in 252 patients. The patients were divided in two groups based on age, greater or less to 40 years, well then clinical and pathologic characteristics were compared between. Results: Of all patients, 26 of 294 patients (8,94%) were included in the young age group (less to 40 years). We did not found differences between both groups comparing stage, tumoral volume, treatment realized or DNA ploidy pattern, but in nuclear grade with more aggressive tumours in young people (p=0,0018), without differences in recurrence-free survival or actuarial disease specific survival rate. Conclusions: The findings in our study indicate that the natural history and outcome of the RC is similar in both older and younger patients. Therefore, in our opinion, the management of CR in young people should be established with independence of the age

[Temporal arteritis as initial manifestation of renal cell carcinoma]. / Arteritis de la temporal como forma de presentación del carcinoma de células renales.

Vasculitis as paraneoplastic syndrome of renal cell carcinoma has been rarely report. We report a patient who initially was studied for temporal arteritis, and was later diagnosed of a renal cell carcinoma. The vasculitis resolves after surgery treatment of the tumour.

[Laparoscopic extraperitoneal radical prostatectomy: changes in time and updated results]. / Prostatectomía radical extraperitoneal laparoscópica: evolución en el tiempo y resultados actualizados.

Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy has been established and adopted by specialized urologic centers around the world as the primary approach to the surgical management of localized prostate cancer. Urologists are on a continuous search for development of technical modifications and refinements, to reduce morbidity and ameliorate clinical and quality of life outcome. In 2002 we have initially reported our technique and experience with the totally extraperitoneal endoscopic radical prostatectomy (EERPE). In the present review paper we present the evolution of the technique and the latest results.

[Evaluation of pT3a stage in the current classification for renal cancer]. / Evaluación del estudio pT3a de la actual clasificación TNM del cáncer renal.

OBJECTIVE: We assessed the prognostic value of a stage pT3a diagnosis based on perirrenal fat infiltration. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A series of 300 patients diagnosed of renal cell carcinoma (CCR) between 1992 and 2001 were retrospectively analyzed. Focusing on pT3a tumors as defined by perirrenal fat infiltration, a group of 92 patients (91,08%) regardless lymph node involvement (Nall) were included. Patients with distant metastases were excluded. In patients with pT3a Nall M0 tumors, tumour size was a significant parameter predicting survival. The most significant cut-off value for tumor size based on ROC curve was 5,5 cm. Therefore two groups were defined (up to 5,5 cm or greater than 5,5 cm) and actuarial survival were compared between both groups. RESULTS: No significant differences were found comparing actuarial survival of selected pT3a and tumour size less than 5,5 cm with pT1 and pT2 tumors. After classifying selected pT3a less than 5,5 cm as pT1, multivariate analysis showed no differences regarding to prognostic variables before and after classification. Subsequently multivariate analysis showed that modified T stage was an independent significant predictor of cancer specific actuarial survival. CONCLUSIONS: Perirrenal fat infiltration in renal cell carcinoma should not be used to assign T category. In our series grading tumors pT3a lesser than 5,5 cm as pT1/pT2 TNM stage does not affect their prognostic value.

Prostatectomía radical extraperitoneal laparoscópica: evolución en el tiempo y resultados actualizados / Laparoscopic extraperitoneal radical prostactectomy: evolution in time and updated results

La prostatectomía radical laparoscópica ha sido establecida y adoptada por centros urológicos especializados de todo el mundo como el método fundamental de tratamiento quirúrgico del cáncer de próstata localizado. Los urólogos mantienen una búsqueda constante de desarrollo de modificaciones y refinamientos técnicos, para reducir la morbilidad y mejorar el resultado clínico y de calidad de vida. En 2002, comunicamos inicialmente nuestra técnica y experiencia con la prostatectomía radical endoscópica totalmente extraperitoneal (PRETE). En este artículo de revisión presentamos la evolución de la técnica y los últimos resultados

Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy has been established and adopted by specialized urologic centers around the world as the primary approach to the surgical management of localized prostate cancer. Urologists are on a continuous search for development of technical modifications and refinements, to reduce morbidity and ameliorate clinical and quality of life outcome. In 2002 we have initially reported our technique and experience with the totally extraperitoneal endoscopic radical prostatectomy (EERPE). In the present review paper we present the evolution of the technique and the latest results