Phylogenetic analysis between domestic and wild duck species in Korea using mtDNA D-loop sequences.

Recently, the consumption of duck meat has increased; therefore, we need to reveal the origin and gene flow of domestic ducks in Korea. In order to discriminate between duck species, D-loop variations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) have been investigated. In this study, 45 individuals from seven species of wild and domestic ducks in Korea were considered for the D-loop region sequences. With the participation of all the sequences, a phylogenetic neighbor-joining tree was constructed to differentiate between the wild and domestic duck species. In consideration of these sequences, a total 66 haplotypes were obtained (indel included) with an average haplotype of 76.9%, and a haplotype and nucleotide diversity of 0.91 and 0.01, respectively. Also, an estimation of the sequence divergence within and between species was measured in 0.045 and 0.013-0.095, respectively. Meanwhile, the lowest distances of 0.024, 0.013 and 0.018 were observed in three species, including the Mallard, Spot-billed and domestic duck, respectively, which have relatively close genetic relationships. All haplotypes were used for the median-joining network analysis to differentiate all duck species, while three duck species were closely related. Moreover, 26 indel polymorphisms were identified which could be used for the discrimination among the duck species. Based on our results, duck species were effectively discriminated in a D-loop region, which could then be used for an appropriate genetic conservation program for the wild duck and domestic duck breeds in Korea.

[Effect of muskrat on the cardiovascular system in anesthetized dogs].

Muskrat and musk are secretions from the fragrant glands of male adult musk-rat (Ondatra zibethica) and musk-deer respectively. In this paper, the pharmacological effects of muskrat and musk are studied. The result shows that a dose of 24 mg/kg iv of muskrat or musk can decrease the HR, mAP, LVP, LVdp/dt max and TPR in anesthetized dogs. But muskrat has an effect of reducing MHO while musk has not. In addition, an injection of 120 mg/kg of muskrat or musk endures hypoxia in mice. But this function of muskrat was weaker than that of musk.