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2.
Cancer Lett ; 499: 175-187, 2021 02 28.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33249195

RESUMO

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is one of the major global health problems. Although the small protein of hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg), SHBs, is the most abundant HBV viral protein, its pathogenic role and molecular mechanism in malignant progression of HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain largely unknown. Here we reported that SHBs expression induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process in HCC cells and significantly increased their migratory and invasive ability as well as metastatic potential. Mechanistically, SHBs expression in HCC cells induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress that activated the activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) to increase the expression and secretion of fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19). The autocrine released FGF19 in turn activated JAK2/STAT3 signaling for induction of EMT process in HCC. Notably, SHBs was positively correlated with the expression of mesenchymal markers, the phosphorylation status of JAK2 and STAT3 as well as FGF19 levels in human HCC samples. HCC patients with SHBs positive had a more advanced clinical stage and worse prognosis. These results suggest an important role of SHBs in the metastasis and progression of HCC and may highlight a potential target for preventive and therapeutic intervention of HBV-related HCC and its malignant progression.


Assuntos
Carcinoma Hepatocelular/imunologia , Antígenos de Superfície da Hepatite B/metabolismo , Vírus da Hepatite B/imunologia , Hepatite B Crônica/imunologia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/imunologia , Animais , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/sangue , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/mortalidade , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/virologia , Proliferação de Células , Estresse do Retículo Endoplasmático/imunologia , Feminino , Fatores de Crescimento de Fibroblastos/genética , Fatores de Crescimento de Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Técnicas de Silenciamento de Genes , Células Hep G2 , Antígenos de Superfície da Hepatite B/sangue , Vírus da Hepatite B/metabolismo , Hepatite B Crônica/sangue , Hepatite B Crônica/mortalidade , Hepatite B Crônica/virologia , Humanos , Janus Quinase 2/genética , Janus Quinase 2/metabolismo , Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier , Fígado/imunologia , Fígado/patologia , Fígado/virologia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/sangue , Neoplasias Hepáticas/mortalidade , Neoplasias Hepáticas/virologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , RNA Interferente Pequeno/metabolismo , Receptor Tipo 4 de Fator de Crescimento de Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Fator de Transcrição STAT3/genética , Fator de Transcrição STAT3/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/genética , Transdução de Sinais/imunologia , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de Xenoenxerto
4.
Am J Pathol ; 189(11): 2181-2195, 2019 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31449776

RESUMO

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) e antigen (HBeAg) is associated with viral persistence and pathogenesis. Resistance of HBV-infected hepatocytes to apoptosis is seen as one of the primary promotors for HBV chronicity and malignancy. Fas receptor/ligand (Fas/FasL) and the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) system plays a key role in hepatic death during HBV infection. We found that HBeAg mediates resistance of hepatocytes to FasL or TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Introduction of HBeAg into human hepatocytes rendered resistance to FasL or TRAIL cytotoxicity in a p53-dependent manner. HBeAg further inhibited the expression of p53, total Fas, membrane-bound Fas, TNF receptor superfamily member 10a, and TNF receptor superfamily member 10b at both mRNA and protein levels. In contrast, HBeAg enhanced the expression of soluble forms of Fas through facilitation of Fas alternative mRNA splicing. In a mouse model, expression of HBeAg in mice injected with recombinant adenovirus-associated virus 8 inhibited agonistic anti-Fas antibody-induced hepatic apoptosis. Xenograft tumorigenicity assay also found that HBeAg-induced carcinogenesis was resistant to the proapoptotic effect of TRAIL and chemotherapeutic drugs. These results indicate that HBeAg may prevent hepatocytes from FasL and TRAIL-induced apoptosis by regulating the expression of the proapoptotic and antiapoptotic forms of death receptors, which may contribute to the survival and persistence of infected hepatocytes during HBV infection.


Assuntos
Apoptose , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos , Antígenos E da Hepatite B/fisiologia , Hepatócitos/fisiologia , Hepatócitos/virologia , Ligante Indutor de Apoptose Relacionado a TNF/uso terapêutico , Animais , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/patologia , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/virologia , Transformação Celular Viral/fisiologia , Células Cultivadas , Progressão da Doença , Regulação para Baixo , Células HEK293 , Células Hep G2 , Hepatite B/complicações , Hepatite B/patologia , Vírus da Hepatite B/fisiologia , Hepatócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Hepatócitos/patologia , Humanos , Neoplasias Hepáticas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patologia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/virologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Nus
5.
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol ; 381: 114729, 2019 10 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31445927

RESUMO

The PI3K/AKT signaling pathway is one of the most frequently activated signaling networks in human cancers and has become a valuable target in anticancer therapy. However, accumulating reports suggest that adverse effects such as severe liver injury and inflammation may accompany treatment with pan-PI3K and pan-AKT inhibitors. Our prior work has demonstrated that activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway has a protective role in Fas- or TNFα-induced hepatocytic cell death and liver injury. We postulated that PI3K or AKT inhibitors may exacerbate liver damage via the death factor-mediated hepatocyte apoptosis. In this study we found that several drugs targeting PI3K/AKT either clinically used or in clinical trials sensitized hepatocytes to agonistic anti-Fas antibody- or TNFα-induced apoptosis and significantly shortened the survival of mice in in vivo liver damage models. The PI3K or AKT inhibitors promoted Fas aggregation, inhibited the expression of cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein S and L (FLIPL/S), and enhanced procaspase-8 activation. Conversely, cotreatment with the AKT specific activator SC79 reversed these effects. Taken together, these findings suggest that PI3K or AKT inhibitors may render hepatocytes hypersensitive to Fas- or TNFα-induced apoptosis and liver injury.


Assuntos
Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Doença Hepática Induzida por Substâncias e Drogas , Hepatócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidores de Fosfoinositídeo-3 Quinase/toxicidade , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/toxicidade , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/antagonistas & inibidores , Aminopiridinas/toxicidade , Animais , Anticorpos/toxicidade , Proteína Reguladora de Apoptosis Semelhante a CASP8 e FADD/metabolismo , Doença Hepática Induzida por Substâncias e Drogas/metabolismo , Doença Hepática Induzida por Substâncias e Drogas/patologia , Células Hep G2 , Hepatócitos/metabolismo , Humanos , Imidazóis/toxicidade , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/patologia , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Purinas/toxicidade , Quinazolinonas/toxicidade , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/toxicidade
6.
Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol ; 316(3): G387-G396, 2019 03 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30629471

RESUMO

Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a highly pleiotropic cytokine executing biological functions as diverse as cell proliferation, metabolic activation, inflammatory responses, and cell death. TNF-α can induce multiple mechanisms to initiate apoptosis in hepatocytes leading to the subsequent liver injury. Since the phosphoinositide-3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) pathway is known to have a protective role in death factor-mediated apoptosis, it is our hypothesis that activation of Akt may represent a therapeutic strategy to alleviate TNF-α-induced hepatocyte apoptosis and liver injury. We report here that the Akt activator SC79 protects hepatocytes from TNF-α-induced apoptosis and protects mice from d-galactosamine (d-Gal)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced TNF-α-mediated liver injury and damage. SC79 not only enhances the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) prosurvival signaling in response to TNF-α stimulation, but also increases the expression of cellular FLICE (FADD-like IL-1ß-converting enzyme)-inhibitory protein L and S (FLIPL/S), which consequently inhibits the activation of procaspase-8. Furthermore, pretreatment of the PI3K/Akt inhibitor LY294002 reverses all the SC79-induced hepatoprotective effects. These results strongly indicate that SC79 protects against TNF-α-induced hepatocyte apoptosis and suggests that SC79 is likely a promising therapeutic agent for ameliorating the development of liver injury. NEW & NOTEWORTHY SC79 protects hepatocytes from TNF-α-mediated apoptosis and mice from Gal/LPS-induced liver injury and damage. Cytoprotective effects of SC79 against TNF-α act through both AKT-mediated activation of NF-κB and upregulation of FLIPL/S.


Assuntos
Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Doença Hepática Crônica Induzida por Substâncias e Drogas/tratamento farmacológico , Hepatócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/efeitos dos fármacos , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Animais , Doença Hepática Crônica Induzida por Substâncias e Drogas/patologia , Hepatócitos/metabolismo , Humanos , Lipopolissacarídeos/farmacologia , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/lesões , Fígado/metabolismo , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/metabolismo , Substâncias Protetoras/farmacologia , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/efeitos dos fármacos
7.
J Virol ; 92(23)2018 12 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30209179

RESUMO

Hepatitis B spliced protein (HBSP) is known to associate with viral persistence and pathogenesis; however, its biological and clinical significance remains poorly defined. Acquired resistance to Fas-mediated apoptosis is thought to be one of the major promotors for hepatitis B virus (HBV) chronicity and malignancy. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether HBSP could protect hepatocytes against Fas-initiated apoptosis. We showed here that HBSP mediated resistance of hepatoma cells or primary human hepatocytes (PHH) to agonistic anti-Fas antibody (CH11)- or FasL-induced apoptosis. Under Fas signaling stimulation, expression of HBSP inhibited Fas aggregation and prevented recruitment of the adaptor molecule Fas-associated death domain (FADD) and procaspase-8 (or FADD-like interleukin-1ß-converting enzyme [FLICE]) into the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) while increasing recruitment of cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein L (FLIPL) into the DISC. Those effects may be mediated through activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway as evidenced by increased cellular phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP3) content and PI3K activity and enhanced phosphorylation of mTORC2 and PDPK1 as well as Akt itself. Confirmedly, inhibition of PI3K by LY294002 reversed the effect of HBSP on Fas aggregation, FLIPL expression, and cellular apoptosis. These results indicate that HBSP functions to prevent hepatocytes from Fas-induced apoptosis by enhancing PI3K/Akt activity, which may contribute to the survival and persistence of infected hepatocytes during chronic infection.IMPORTANCE Our study revealed a previously unappreciated role of HBSP in Fas-mediated apoptosis. The antiapoptotic activity of HBSP is important for understanding hepatitis B virus pathogenesis. In particular, HBV variants associated with hepatoma carcinoma may downregulate apoptosis of hepatocytes through enhanced HBSP expression. Our study also found that Akt is centrally involved in Fas-induced hepatocyte apoptosis and revealed that interventions directed at inhibiting the activation or functional activity of Akt may be of therapeutic value in this process.


Assuntos
Apoptose , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/patologia , Hepatócitos/patologia , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinase/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , Proteínas Virais/metabolismo , Receptor fas/metabolismo , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/genética , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/metabolismo , Hepatócitos/metabolismo , Humanos , Neoplasias Hepáticas/genética , Neoplasias Hepáticas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patologia , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinase/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/genética , Células Tumorais Cultivadas , Proteínas Virais/genética , Receptor fas/genética
8.
J Immunol ; 201(8): 2303-2314, 2018 10 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30171166

RESUMO

The Fas receptor/ligand system plays a prominent role in hepatic apoptosis and hepatocyte death. Although hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface Ag (HBsAg) is the most abundant HBV protein in the liver and peripheral blood of patients with chronic HBV infection, its role in Fas-mediated hepatocyte apoptosis has not been disclosed. In this study, we report that HBsAg sensitizes HepG2 cells to agonistic anti-Fas Ab CH11-induced apoptosis through increasing the formation of SDS-stable Fas aggregation and procaspase-8 cleavage but decreasing both the expression of cellular FLIPL/S and the recruitment of FLIPL/S at the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC). Notably, HBsAg increased endoplasmic reticulum stress and consequently reduced AKT phosphorylation by deactivation of phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (PDPK1) and mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2), leading to enhancement of Fas-mediated apoptosis. In a mouse model, expression of HBsAg in mice injected with recombinant adenovirus-associated virus 8 aggravated Jo2-induced acute liver failure, which could be effectively attenuated by the AKT activator SC79. Based on these results, it is concluded that HBsAg predisposes hepatocytes to Fas-mediated apoptosis and mice to acute liver failure via suppression of AKT prosurviving activity, suggesting that interventions directed at enhancing the activation or functional activity of AKT may be of therapeutic value in Fas-mediated progressive liver cell injury and liver diseases.


Assuntos
Antígenos de Superfície da Hepatite B/metabolismo , Vírus da Hepatite B/fisiologia , Hepatite B/metabolismo , Hepatócitos/fisiologia , Falência Hepática Aguda/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , Receptor fas/metabolismo , Acetatos/administração & dosagem , Acetatos/farmacologia , Adenoviridae/genética , Animais , Anticorpos Monoclonais/metabolismo , Apoptose , Benzopiranos/administração & dosagem , Benzopiranos/farmacologia , Proteína Reguladora de Apoptosis Semelhante a CASP8 e FADD/metabolismo , Caspase 8/metabolismo , Células Cultivadas , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Células Hep G2 , Hepatite B/patologia , Hepatócitos/virologia , Humanos , Falência Hepática Aguda/patologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Fosforilação , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/agonistas , Receptor fas/imunologia
9.
Am J Pathol ; 188(5): 1171-1182, 2018 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29673487

RESUMO

Acute liver failure is a serious clinical problem of which the underlying pathogenesis remains unclear and for which effective therapies are lacking. The Fas receptor/ligand system, which is negatively regulated by AKT, is known to play a prominent role in hepatocytic cell death. We hypothesized that AKT activation may represent a strategy to alleviate Fas-induced fulminant liver failure. We report here that a novel AKT activator, SC79, protects hepatocytes from apoptosis induced by agonistic anti-Fas antibody CH11 (for humans) or Jo2 (for mice) and significantly prolongs the survival of mice given a lethal dose of Jo2. Under Fas-signaling stimulation, SC79 inhibited Fas aggregation, prevented the recruitment of the adaptor molecule Fas-associated death domain (FADD) and procaspase-8 [or FADD-like IL-1ß-converting enzyme (FLICE)] into the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC), but SC79 enhanced the recruitment of the long and short isoforms of cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein at the DISC. All of the SC79-induced hepatoprotective and DISC-interruptive effects were confirmed to have been reversed by the Akt inhibitor LY294002. These results strongly indicate that SC79 protects hepatocytes from Fas-induced fatal hepatic apoptosis. The potent alleviation of Fas-mediated hepatotoxicity by the relatively safe drug SC79 highlights the potential of our findings for immediate hepatoprotective translation.


Assuntos
Acetatos/farmacologia , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Benzopiranos/farmacologia , Hepatócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Falência Hepática Aguda/prevenção & controle , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , Receptor fas/metabolismo , Animais , Caspases/metabolismo , Células Hep G2 , Hepatócitos/metabolismo , Humanos , Falência Hepática Aguda/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL
10.
FASEB J ; 32(6): 3033-3046, 2018 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29401603

RESUMO

Hepatitis B virus core protein (HBc) is expressed preferentially in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HBc can function as an oncogene arising from its gene regulatory properties, but how it contributes functionally to hepatocarcinogenesis remains unclear. In this study, we determined the molecular and functional roles of HBc during HBV-associated hepatocellular tumorigenesis. HBc increased tumor formation of hepatoma cells. Moreover, expression of HBc specifically promoted proliferation of hepatoma cells in vitro. Mechanistic investigations revealed that these effects were caused by activation of the Src/PI3K/Akt pathway through proximal switch from inactive Src to the active form of the kinase by HBc. HBc-mediated sarcoma (Src) kinase activation was associated with down-regulation of C-terminal Src kinase (Csk). In addition, HBc enhances Src expression by activation of alternative Src 1A promoter in an Sp1 transcription factor-dependent manner. Proliferation induced by stable HBc expression was associated with increased G1-S cell cycle progression mediated by Src kinase activation. HBc-induced cellular proliferation and tumor formation were reversed by administration of the Src inhibitor saracatinib. Together, our findings suggest that HBc promotes tumorigenesis of hepatoma cells by enhancing the expression of total Src and the active form of the kinase and subsequently activates Src/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, revealing novel insights into the underlying mechanisms of HBV-associated hepatocarcinogenesis.-Liu, W., Guo, T.-F., Jing, Z.-T., Yang, Z., Liu, L., Yang, Y.-P., Lin, X., Tong, Q.-Y. Hepatitis B virus core protein promotes hepatocarcinogenesis by enhancing Src expression and activating the Src/PI3K/Akt pathway.


Assuntos
Carcinoma Hepatocelular , Transformação Celular Viral , Regulação Enzimológica da Expressão Gênica , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Vírus da Hepatite B , Neoplasias Hepáticas , Proteínas Estruturais Virais , Quinases da Família src , Animais , Proteína Tirosina Quinase CSK , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/genética , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/metabolismo , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/patologia , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/virologia , Fase G1/genética , Células Hep G2 , Vírus da Hepatite B/genética , Vírus da Hepatite B/metabolismo , Humanos , Neoplasias Hepáticas/genética , Neoplasias Hepáticas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patologia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/virologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Nus , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/genética , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , Fase S/genética , Proteínas Estruturais Virais/genética , Proteínas Estruturais Virais/metabolismo , Quinases da Família src/biossíntese , Quinases da Família src/genética
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