Research progress of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in central nervous system diseases / 中国临床药理学与治疗学

Alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7 nAChRs) are expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) and are thought to play a role in a wide variety of psychiatric and neurological disorders. Activation of α7 nAChR leads to an anti-inflammatory effect, which may show beneficial effects in those central nervous system disorders. In the present article, we summarize information on receptor distribution and expression, and review the effects of α7 nAChR on the CN disorders (e.g., Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and stroke), which may provide a new idea for the development of the treatment of CNS diseases.

Cyclosporine A improves spatial memory following chronic cerebral hypoperfusion in rats by down-regulation of NADPH oxidase 4 / 国际脑血管病杂志

Objective To investigate the protection effect of cyclosporine A on spatial memory following chronic cerebral hypoperfusion in rats and its possible mechanism.Me,ods Sixty SD rats were randomly divided into sham operation,vehicle,low-dose cyclosporine A,medium-dose cyclosporine A,and high-dose cyclosporine A groups.A chronic cerebral hypoperfusion model was prepared by permanent bilateral ligation of bilateral common carotid arteries.From 46 days after modeling,olive oil 1 ml/d was used for intragastric administration in the sham-operation group and the vehicle group.Cyclosporine A 3 mg/kg,6 mg/kg,and 12 mg/kg were administrated intragastrically in the low-dose,medium-dose and high-dose cyclosporine A groups,respectively,once a day for 14 days.The spatial memory was assessed using Morris water maze test.Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to detect the expression of NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) mRNA in the cerebral cortex.Immunohistochemical staining and Western blot were used to detect the expression of NOX4 protein in the cerebral cortex.Results The Morris water maze test showed that the escape latencies in all cyclosporine A groups were significantly shorter than the vehicle group (all P ＜0.05).Immunohistochemical staining showed that the percentages of the NOX4-positive cells in the sham-operation,vehicle,low-dose,medium-dose,and high-dose cyclosporine A groups were4.43％ ±0.37％,37.44％ ±4.76％,18.05％ ±2.91％,12.51％ ±3.4％,and 11.06％ ±1.74％,respectively (F =262.021,P ＜ 0.001),the vehicle group was significantly higher than the sham-operation group (P ＜ 0.01),and all cyclosporine A groups were significantly less than the vehicle group (all P ＜ 0.01).RT-PCR showed that the expression levels of NOX4 mRNA in cerebral cortex in the sham-operation,vehicle,low-dose,medium-dose,and high-dose cyclosporine A groups were 0.36 ± 0.03,1.04 ± 0.04,0.58 ± 0.02,0.49 ± 0.01,and 0.40 ± 0.02,respectively (F =1 324.941,P ＜ 0.001),all cyclosporine A groups were significantly lower than the vehicle group (all P ＜ 0.01).Western blot showed that the expression levels of NOX4 protein in cerebral cortex in the sham-operation,vehicle,low-dose,medium-dose,and high-dose cyclosporine A groups were 0.02 ± 0.01,0.27 ± 0.04,0.09 ± 0.02,0.06 ± 0.02,and 0.06 ± 0.01,respectively (F =222.692,P ＜ 0.001),all cyclosporine A groups was significantly lower than the vehicle group (all P＜0.01).Conclusion Cyclosporine A may improve spatial memory following chronic cerebral hypoperfusion in rats by down-regulation of NOX4.

A Research on Relationship of TCM Constitution and Syndrome Elements in Hyperhomocysteinemia Patients / 中国中医药信息杂志

Objective To investigate the relationship of TCM constitution and syndrome elements based on patients with hyperhomocysteinemia. Methods A survey was conducted among 1316 patients with diabetes, coronary disease, hypertension and cerebral infarction. Totally 326 patients with hyperhomocysteinemia were incorporated in diagnostic data and their constitutions were determined. At the same time, syndrome elements identification method for syndrome elements was applied for judgment, and consistency of the constitution and syndrome elements was analyzed. Results The survey showed that prevalence rate of population with hyperhomocysteinemia was 24.77%;there were 6 cases with mild nature, and 320 cases with biased constitution;phlegm dampness, blood stasis, qi deficiency of constitutions 110 cases, 73 cases and 59 cases, respectively;blood stasis, phlegm, qi deficiency, and dampness were the main syndrome elements of hyperhomocysteinemia, of 100 cases, 98 cases, 73 cases and 59 cases, respectively;the consistency of phlegm dampness constitution and syndromes of phlegm was the most obvious (Kappa=0.89, P<0.05). Conclusion Phlegm dampness, blood stasis, and qi deficiency were the most common constitutions of hyperhomocysteinemia;blood stasis, phlegm, qi deficiency and dampness were the main syndrome elements of hyperhomocysteinemia patients. The two results were consistent, and the consistency of phlegm syndrome and phlegm dampness constitution was the most obvious.

Practice of research laboratories management in the medical university / 中华医院管理杂志

Well-designed operation and management system of research laboratories is essential for scientific innovations and talent training.The reform of the traditional laboratory management to encourage science innovation and development is key to promoting the laboratories to develop in scale,level and efficiency.On the basis of profiling traditional lab management and its setbacks,the paper described the management mode and operation mechanism of Capital Medical University.Such mode and mechanism feature lab project Principal Investigation responsible system,and shared platform for large equipments and services.The paper also discussed lab operation and management system for universities at large.

Visualization of serotonin 1A receptor trafficking in neuron-like PC12 cells / 基础医学与临床

Objective To explore the mechanisms of trafficking and signaling of serotonin 1A receptor(5-HT_(1A))and its spatiotemporal distribution in living cells.Methods The mouse 5-HT_(1A) gene amplified by RT-PCR was recombined into pEGFP-N1 vector and the EGFP coding sequence was located in-frame at the C-terminal end of the 5-HT_(1A) receptor.The 5-HT_(1A)-EGFP was transfected into neuron-like PC12 cells as well as HEK293.The transfected cells were visualized using confocal microscopy,the mobility of 5-HT_(1A)-EGFP was monitored by live measurements and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching.Results The 5-HT_(1A) gene was identitical with the published gene sequence NM_008308.4 and a 5-HT_(1A)-EGFP fusion construct was created.After stable transfection of the plasimd into a PC12 cell line and analysis with a confocal laser scanning microscopy,the EGFP-tagged 5-HT_(1A) was predominantly associated with the plasma membrane,but some intracellular vesicles in the perinuclear region also contained the fusion protein.The predominant localization of 5-HT_(1A)-EGFP at the plasma membrane was confirmed in transiently transfected HEK293 cells.Bleached fluorescence was partialy recovered in 100 seconds,indicating that the 5-HT_(1A)-EGFP was mobiled on the membrane.Conclusion Spatiotemporal distribution and mobility of 5-HT_(1A) tagged with EGFP can be monitored in the 5-HT_(1A)-EGFP stable PC12 cell line,which could be an excellent neuron-like experimental cell model for research of 5-HT_(1A) trafficking and signaling.

Effect Study on Malignant Tumor Treated with Shengmai Injection Combined with Chemotherapy / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective To explore the effect of Shengmai injection combined with chemotherapy in treating advanced tumor and its mechanism. Methods 65 patient with malignant tumor, who having the syndrome of yin and qi deficiency, were randomly recruited into a control group and a treatment group. The control group was treated with routine chemotherapy, and the treatment group was treated with routine chemotherapy plus Shengmai injection (60 ml every day). The total effective rate was observed. Results Compared with control group (71.0%), the effective rate of the treatment group (91.2%) showed significant difference (χ~2=4.399, P<0.05). Conclusion The effect of treating malignant tumor with Shengmai injection combined with chemotherapy is good. The therapy can obviously improve symptoms and reduce side effects of chemotherapy.

Change of intramedullary pressure and fat intravasation during intramedully nailing of fresh femoral fractures / 中国矫形外科杂志

Objective To study the factors leading to intramedullary pressure (IMP) change during openintramedullynailing (OIMN) of fresh femoral fractures and the relation between fat intravasation and IMP. MethodFifty patients with femoral fractures were submitted to OIMN in early stage after injury. Before operation, a hollow probe was screwed into the medullary cavity and linked with a monitor to record the dynamic pressure change during the OIMN process. The patients were divided into 2 groups according to their IMP. 5ml blood was taken from femoral vein of the affected limb individually before operation and just after fixation of the intramedullary nail. The blood clots were made into frozen sections and stained by oil red-O to find the free fat.The positive rate of free fat in pathological detection between patients with increased IMP and those without were compared.Result(1) Increased IMP could be recorded in some patients with "piston effect" resulted from a certain condition during OIMN. (2) For patients with increased IMP, the positive rate of free fat through pathological detection during the operation was significantly higher than that of before (p(o. ol),but that of patients without increased IMP did not change significantly. The positive rates of the two groups did not have significant difference than those of before operation. During operation, the positive rate of patients with increased IMP was significant higher than that of patients without pressure imcreasing(P

Long-term therapeutic effects on parkinsonian rats of intrastriatal co-grafts with genetically engineered fibroblasts expressing tyrosine hydroxylase and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor.

The long-term improvement of intrastriatal co-grafts with genetically engineered fibroblasts expressing tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) was investigated in the present study. Two recombinant vectors, pCMV-TH and pCI-neo-GDNF, were transfected respectively into the primary fibroblasts, and their expression was further identified by in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry. The engineered fibroblasts expressing TH, GDNF, or both were transplanted into the striatum of parkinsonian rats, and the therapeutic effects were observed for 20 weeks. Data revealed that only animals with fibroblasts expressing both TH and GDNF exhibited a stable and significant behavioral and biochemical recovery. Moreover, persistence of both TH and GDNF expression in grafts was demonstrated 20 weeks after transplantation. These results suggest that combined transplantation of fibroblasts expressing TH and GDNF can lead to long-term and remarkable therapeutic effects on parkinsonian rat model.

TRANSNEURONAL TRANSPORT OF HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS TYPE 1 IN NEURONAL CONNECTIONS OF THE CEREBELLUM IN THE RAT / 解剖学报

he herpes simplex virus type1 (HSV 1) was used for study on tracing neuronal connections of the cerebellum in the rat. The anterior or posterior lobe of the cerebellum in total 23 rats was injected by HSV 1 (HK 2 strain, from Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine) with the titer of 10 -7 in a volume of 10 15?l for each case. Following a postoperative survival period of 1 5 or 10 days, the animals were perfused and their brains and spinal cords were sectioned and stained immunohistochemically by polycolonal antibodies raised in rabbit against HSV 1. Under the LM, the HSV 1 labelled neurons were shown to be a Golgi like appearance, with clearly labelled cell body and dendrites. It showed that the distributions of the labelled neurons in the CNS depended on the postoperative periods and injection sites. 1. After posterior lobe injection, the labelling was limited in the cerebellum, especially in Purkinje cells and the deep nuclei in 1 day of survival time. Two days later, the labelling could be seen in the vestibular, pontive nuclei and inferior olive nucleus. Anterogradely transneuronal labelling in the ventrolateral thalamic nuclus became apparant 3 days after injetions; 2. After anterior lobe injection, the red nucleus, cuneate nucleus, cuniform nucleus and interstitial nucleus of cajal were labelled after 3 days, in addition to the labelling as shown in those cases with injections in the posterior lobe. The results proved that HSV 1 (HK 2 strain) could be transported both retrogradely and anterogradely in CNS, while the transneuronal transport would mainly occur anterogradely. The distances of HSV 1 transport in neuronal pathways would depend upon the postoperative survival times. This indicates that HSV 1 (HK 2 strain) is a powerful tool for demonstrating the chains of synaptically connected neurons in CNS.

THE SYNAPTOLOGY OF THE SPINAL BORDER CELLS——THE ORIGINAL NEURONS OF VENTRAL SPINOCEREBELLAR TRACT IN THE RAT: AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY / 解剖学报

Following injection of HRP into the cerebellum of the rat, the retrogradely labeled′spinal border cells′ in L_1-L_3 of the spinal cord were examined electron microscopically for understanding the synaptology. Six types of terminal boutons (S, F, Cf, T, G and P types) which terminated on the surface of cell bodies or dendrites of the spinal border cells were recognized. The S- and F-boutons contain spherical and elliptical vesicles respectively. These two types of boutons had relatively broad area contacting with the surface of either cell bodies or dendrites. They could be derided into two sub-types respectively. One was the elonagted giant bouton and the other was the round. Cf-type contain flattened vesicles and it make membraneous′contact′ lacking in specialized pre-and postsynaptic membrane thickenings. T-type contain spherical and large granular vesicles, and dense body was seen beneath the post synaptic membrane. G-type boutons contain large granular vesicles in area of presynaptic. P-type boutons form synapses upon the large S-type boutons and contain pleomorphic vesicles. The postsynaptic membrane of S-, T- and G-types is apparently thicker than the presynaptic membrane and showed to be asymmetrical. Further study is necessary with regard to the sources of different terminal boutons contacting with different portions of the spinal border cells.

PREPARATION OF A RNA PROBE FOR HUMAN TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE / 解剖学报

Objective\ To prepare a digoxingen labelled cRNA probe for human tyrosine hydroxylase(hTH 2).Methods\ Using molecular cloning techniques the recombinant plasmid pGEMTH 2 was constructed.According to analysis of restriction endonucleases,the pGEMTH 2 contained the DNA fragment of hTH 2 gene and inserting sit preparation was correct for cRNA probe.From recombinant plasmid pGEMTH 2 prepared cRNA probe was identified by dot blot hybridization.Results\ The dot blot hybridization showed that the positive reaction sites were purple blue.Conclusion\ This probe prepared in present study was sensitive and reliable.This probe might provide a tool for identifying the effect of gene therapy in animal model of Parkinson disease.

ASYMMETRIES AND SYMMETRIES IN NEURONAL NUMBER OF BILATERAL DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA IN THE RABBIT / 解剖学报

0.05), while the average size of nucleolus at the cervical enlargement was relatively larger than that at the thoracic segments (P

THE CYTOARCHITECTONIC ORGANIZATION OF THE SPINAL CORD IN THE RABBIT / 解剖学报

Fourteen adult and immature rabbits were used for the study of laminar scheme of the gray matter in the spinal cord. The spinal sections were cut transversally or sagitally into 80 ?m, 60 ?m, 15?m, and 2?m-thick sections. The sections were stained with toluidine blue or crecyl fast violet for cell body and with Luxol fast blue for myelin sheath. 2?m-thick sections were only stained with pphenylenediamine. In addition, the spinal sections from 2 cases of the animals were treated histochemically for demonstrating AChE activity. According to the Rexed's principle lamination for the cat, we have found that the cytoarchitectonic organization of the rabbit spinal cord was found to be basically similar to that of the cat except for some differences about the extension and structures of the laminae.