Experts consensus on the procedure of dental operative microscope in endodontics and operative dentistry / 国际口腔科学杂志·英文版

The dental operative microscope has been widely employed in the field of dentistry, particularly in endodontics and operative dentistry, resulting in significant advancements in the effectiveness of root canal therapy, endodontic surgery, and dental restoration. However, the improper use of this microscope continues to be common in clinical settings, primarily due to operators' insufficient understanding and proficiency in both the features and established operating procedures of this equipment. In October 2019, Professor Jingping Liang, Vice Chairman of the Society of Cariology and Endodontology, Chinese Stomatological Association, organized a consensus meeting with Chinese experts in endodontics and operative dentistry. The objective of this meeting was to establish a standard operation procedure for the dental operative microscope. Subsequently, a consensus was reached and officially issued. Over the span of about four years, the content of this consensus has been further developed and improved through practical experience.

The dynamic landscape of parasitemia dependent intestinal microbiota shifting and the correlated gut transcriptome during Plasmodium yoelii infection.

Malaria, caused by Plasmodium, is a global life-threatening infectious disease. However, the dynamic interactions between intestinal microbiota and host immunity during the infections are still unclear. Here, we investigated the change of intestinal microbiome and transcriptome during Plasmodium yoelii infection in mice. The mice were infected with P. yoelii through the intraperitoneal injection. The intestinal contents and tissues were collected at different time points along with the malaria procession and they were subjected to the microbiome and transcriptome sequencing and analysis respectively. The dynamic landscape of parasitemia-dependent intestinal microbiota and related host immunity were identified: (1) The diversity and composition of the intestinal microbiota represented a significant correlation with the Plasmodium infection; (2) Up-regulated genes from the intestinal transcriptome were mainly enriched in immune cell differentiation pathways, especially, naive CD4+ T cell differentiation to Th1/2 cells in the early immune response and Th17 cells in the later immune stage, T cell receptor (TCR) and B cell receptor (BCR) activation in the whole host immunity; (3) Host immune cells presented parasitemia phase-specific characteristics against P. yoelii infection; (4) There were significant associations between the parasitemia phase-specific microbiotas and the host immune response. Th1 cell differentiation was positively correlated with genera Moryella and specie Erysipelotrichaceae bacterium canine oral taxon 255, while negatively correlated with genera Ruminiclostridium. Th17 cell differentiation was related to the colonization of family Peptococcaceae, genera Lachnospiraceae FCS020 group, and specie Eubacterium plexicaudatum ASF492 and the reduction of family Bacteroidales BS11 gut group, genera Sutterella, and specie Parabacteroides distasonis str. 3776 D15 I. BCRs and TCRs were highly related with the family Bacteroidales BS11 gut group, genera Moryella, and specie Erysipelotrichaceae bacterium canine oral taxon 255, but negatively related with the genera Ruminiclostridium. Our results indicated a remarkable dynamic landscape and correlation of the parasitemia-dependent shifting of intestinal microbiota and immunity, suggesting the essential roles of intestinal microbiome on the modulation of host immunity against Plasmodium infection.

Fibroblast membrane-camouflaged nanoparticles for inflammation treatment in the early stage / 国际口腔科学杂志·英文版

Unrestrained inflammation is harmful to tissue repair and regeneration. Immune cell membrane-camouflaged nanoparticles have been proven to show promise as inflammation targets and multitargeted inflammation controls in the treatment of severe inflammation. Prevention and early intervention of inflammation can reduce the risk of irreversible tissue damage and loss of function, but no cell membrane-camouflaged nanotechnology has been reported to achieve stage-specific treatment in these conditions. In this study, we investigated the prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of fibroblast membrane-camouflaged nanoparticles for topical treatment of early inflammation (early pulpitis as the model) with the help of in-depth bioinformatics and molecular biology investigations in vitro and in vivo. Nanoparticles have been proven to act as sentinels to detect and competitively neutralize invasive Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (E. coli LPS) with resident fibroblasts to effectively inhibit the activation of intricate signaling pathways. Moreover, nanoparticles can alleviate the secretion of multiple inflammatory cytokines to achieve multitargeted anti-inflammatory effects, attenuating inflammatory conditions in the early stage. Our work verified the feasibility of fibroblast membrane-camouflaged nanoparticles for inflammation treatment in the early stage, which widens the potential cell types for inflammation regulation.

Rapid colorimetric detection of COVID-19 coronavirus using a reverse tran-scriptional loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) diagnostic plat-form: iLACO

The recent outbreak of a novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (also known as 2019-nCoV) threatens global health, given serious cause for concern. SARS-CoV-2 is a human-to-human pathogen that caused fever, severe respiratory disease and pneumonia (known as COVID-19). By press time, more than 70,000 infected people had been confirmed worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 is very similar to the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus broke out 17 years ago. However, it has increased transmissibility as compared with the SARS-CoV, e.g. very often infected individuals without any symptoms could still transfer the virus to others. It is thus urgent to develop a rapid, accurate and onsite diagnosis methods in order to effectively identify these early infects, treat them on time and control the disease spreading. Here we developed an isothermal LAMP based method-iLACO (isothermal LAMP based method for COVID-19) to amplify a fragment of the ORF1ab gene using 6 primers. We assured the species-specificity of iLACO by comparing the sequences of 11 related viruses by BLAST (including 7 similar coronaviruses, 2 influenza viruses and 2 normal coronaviruses). The sensitivity is comparable to Taqman based qPCR detection method, detecting synthesized RNA equivalent to 10 copies of 2019-nCoV virus. Reaction time varied from 15-40 minutes, depending on the loading of virus in the collected samples. The accuracy, simplicity and versatility of the new developed method suggests that iLACO assays can be conveniently applied with for 2019-nCoV threat control, even in those cases where specialized molecular biology equipment is not available.

Two-in-one strategy: a remineralizing and anti-adhesive coating against demineralized enamel / 国际口腔科学杂志·英文版

Tooth enamel is prone to be attacked by injurious factors, leading to a de/remineralization imbalance. To repair demineralized enamel and prevent pulp inflammation caused by biofilm accumulation, measures are needed to promote remineralization and inhibit bacterial adhesion on the tooth surface. An innovative material, poly (aspartic acid)-polyethylene glycol (PASP-PEG), was designed and synthesized to construct a mineralizing and anti-adhesive surface that could be applied to repair demineralized enamel. A cytotoxicity assay revealed the low cytotoxicity of synthesized PASP-PEG. Adsorption results demonstrated that PASP-PEG possesses a high binding affinity to the hydroxyapatite (HA)/tooth surface. In vitro experiments and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrated a strong capacity of PASP-PEG to induce in situ remineralization and direct the oriented growth of apatite nanocrystals. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and Vickers hardness tests demonstrated that minerals induced by PASP-PEG were consistent with healthy enamel in Ca/P ratio, crystal form and surface micro-hardness. Contact angle tests and bacterial adhesion experiments demonstrated that PASP-PEG yielded a strong anti-adhesive effect. In summary, PASP-PEG could achieve dual effects for enamel repair and anti-adhesion of bacteria, thereby widening its application in enamel repair.

Dental remineralization via poly(amido amine) and restorative materials containing calcium phosphate nanoparticles / 国际口腔科学杂志·英文版

Tooth decay is prevalent, and secondary caries causes restoration failures, both of which are related to demineralization. There is an urgent need to develop new therapeutic materials with remineralization functions. This article represents the first review on the cutting edge research of poly(amido amine) (PAMAM) in combination with nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP). PAMAM was excellent nucleation template, and could absorb calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) ions via its functional groups to activate remineralization. NACP composite and adhesive showed acid-neutralization and Ca and P ion release capabilities. PAMAM+NACP together showed synergistic effects and produced triple benefits: excellent nucleation templates, superior acid-neutralization, and ions release. Therefore, the PAMAM+NACP strategy possessed much greater remineralization capacity than using PAMAM or NACP alone. PAMAM+NACP achieved dentin remineralization even in an acidic solution without any initial Ca and P ions. Besides, the long-term remineralization capability of PAMAM+NACP was established. After prolonged fluid challenge, the immersed PAMAM with the recharged NACP still induced effective dentin mineral regeneration. Furthermore, the hardness of pre-demineralized dentin was increased back to that of healthy dentin, indicating a complete remineralization. Therefore, the novel PAMAM+NACP approach is promising to provide long-term therapeutic effects including tooth remineralization, hardness increase, and caries-inhibition capabilities.

The Oral Microbiome Bank of China.

The human microbiome project (HMP) promoted further understanding of human oral microbes. However, research on the human oral microbiota has not made as much progress as research on the gut microbiota. Currently, the causal relationship between the oral microbiota and oral diseases remains unclear, and little is known about the link between the oral microbiota and human systemic diseases. To further understand the contribution of the oral microbiota in oral diseases and systemic diseases, a Human Oral Microbiome Database (HOMD) was established in the US. The HOMD includes 619 taxa in 13 phyla, and most of the microorganisms are from American populations. Due to individual differences in the microbiome, the HOMD does not reflect the Chinese oral microbial status. Herein, we established a new oral microbiome database-the Oral Microbiome Bank of China (OMBC, http://www.sklod.org/ombc ). Currently, the OMBC includes information on 289 bacterial strains and 720 clinical samples from the Chinese population, along with lab and clinical information. The OMBC is the first curated description of a Chinese-associated microbiome; it provides tools for use in investigating the role of the oral microbiome in health and diseases, and will give the community abundant data and strain information for future oral microbial studies.

Clinical management of the intentional tooth replantation / 中华口腔医学杂志

Intentional tooth replantation is the last resort for saving natural teeth in treatment of the endodontic diseases. In order to promote the utilization, standardize the operation and improve the success rate of this treatment, this review suggests the indication, discusses the key points of the surgical procedure, proposes the path of the diagnosis and the treatment protocol of the intentional replantation.

Oral health in China: from vision to action / 国际口腔科学杂志·英文版

Chinese president Xi Jinping made clear at the National Health and Wellness Conference that health is the prerequisite for people's all-around development and a precondition for the sustainable development of China. Oral health is an indispensable component of overall health in humans. However, the long neglect of oral health in overall health agendas has made oral diseases an increasing concern. With this perspective, we described the global challenges of oral diseases, with an emphasis on the challenges faced by China. We also described and analyzed the recently released health policies of the Chinese government, which aim to guide mid-term and long-term oral health promotion in China. More importantly, we called for specific actions to fulfill the larger goal of oral health for the nation. The implementation of primordial prevention efforts against oral diseases, the integration of oral health into the promotion of overall health, and the management of oral diseases in conjunction with other chronic non-communicable diseases with shared risk factors were highly recommended. In addition, we suggested the reform of standard clinical residency training, the development of domestic manufacturing of dental equipment and materials, the revitalization traditional Chinese medicine for the prevention and treatment of oral diseases, and integration of oral health promotion into the Belt and Road Initiative. We look forward to seeing a joint effort from all aspects of the society to fulfill the goal of Healthy China 2030 and ensure the oral health of the nation.

[Vital pulp therapy of damaged dental pulp].

The development of an expert consensus on vital pulp therapy can provide practical guidance for the improvement of pulp damage care in China. Dental pulp disease is a major type of illness that adversely affects human oral health. Pulp capping and pulpotomy are currently the main methods for vital pulp therapy. Along with the development of minimal invasion cosmetic dentistry, using different treatment technologies and materials reasonably, preserving healthy tooth tissue, and extending tooth save time have become urgent problems that call for immediate solution in dental clinics. This paper summarizes the experiences and knowledge of endodontic experts. We develop a clinical path of vital pulp therapy for clinical work by utilizing the nature, approach, and degree of pulp damage as references, defense and self-repairing ability of pulp as guidance, and modern technologies of diagnosis and treatment as means.

[Difficulty influence factors of dental caries clinical treatment].

Dental caries is a major disease that threaten human's oral healthy severely with the characteristics of high incidence, low rate of treatment and high rate of retreatment. At present, restorative treatment remains the main method for caries treatment. With the development of the Minimally Invasive Cosmetic Dentistry (MICD), reasonable application of various treatment technologies, maximum preservation of tooth tissues and realizing the maximization of treatment effects become problems that call for immediate solution in dental clinics. In addition, there still exist a large number of old restorations that need standard retreatments. Here, some difficulty influence factors of dental caries clinical treatment such as systemic and oral factors, individual caries susceptibility, treatment technologies and materials, retreatment methods of old restorations and technique sensitivity are analyzed, and corresponding processing strategies are also put forward.

c-di-AMP regulates bacterial biofilm formation / 生物工程学报

Bacterial biofilm plays an important role in persistent microbial infection. Delineation of the formation and development of bacterial biofilm would provide a promising strategy to treat recalcitrant infection. c-di-AMP (Cyclic diadenosine monophosphate) is a recently identified second messenger of bacteria and involved in plethora of bacterial activities, including cell growth, cell wall homeostasis, biofilm formation and microbial pathogenicity. Here we review the recent literature pertinent to the role and molecular mechanisms of c-di-AMP in regulating biofilm formation of bacteria. The potential application of c-di-AMP and its related proteins in the development of novel antimicrobial therapeutics has also been discussed.

[Radiographic diagnosis of vertical root fracture].

Vertical root fracture (VRF) is different from odontoclasis caused by trauma or injury. VRF is defined as a complete or incomplete fracture of roots caused by long-term and persistent stimulus, such as excessive forces from mastication or occlusion, improper tooth anatomy, and tooth treatment accident. Early diagnosis of VRF is essential to prevent the absorption of alveolar bone, thereby improving prognosis. Radiographic examination is the most common and effective evaluation method for VRF. Cone beam computed tomography can provide three-dimensional information for fracture details, which are more precise than traditional periapical films. In this paper, we present the radiographic features, differential diagnosis, and new treatment techniques for VRF.

[Role of small noncoding RNA in the regulation of bacterial virulence].

In the long-term interaction between pathogens and host, the pathogens regulate the expression of related viru-lence genes to fit the host environment in response to the changes in the host microenvironment. Gene expression was believed to be controlled mainly at the level of transcription initiation by repressors or activators. Recent studies have revealed that small noncoding RNAs (sRNAs) are key regulators in bacterial pathogenesis. sRNA in bacteria is a noncoding RNA with length ranging from 50 to 500 nucleotides. Pathogens can sense the changes in the host environment and consequently regulate the expression of virulence genes by sRNAs. This condition promotes the ability of pathogens to survive within the host, which is beneficial to the invasion and pathogenicity of pathogens. In contrast to transcriptional factors, sRNA-mediated gene regu-lation makes rapid and sensitive responses to environmental cues. Many sRNAs involved in bacterial virulence and pathogenesis have been identified. These sRNAs are key components of coordinated regulation networks, playing important roles in regulating the expression of virulence genes at post-transcriptional level. This review aims to provide an overview on the molecular mechanisms and roles of sRNAs in the regulation of bacterial virulence.

[Development of transcriptional regulators of Streptococcus mutans in cariogenic virulence].

Some transcriptional regulators contribute to the expression of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) cariogenic virulence factors. Although the target sequence transcriptional regulators anchored on the cell wall and the molecular mechanism of the regulation of S. mutans are yet to be clarified, certain global regulators potentially associated with the cariogenicity of S. mutans have been identified. This review is about these related transcriptional regulators, their function, and possible mechanisms.

Translucency,opalescence and fluorescence properties of six light-cured resin composites / 实用口腔医学杂志

Objective:To evaluate the translucency,opalescence and fluorescence reflection of 6 light-cured resin composites. Methods:Disks of 6 resin composites including Filtek Supreme XT-YT(XT),Filtek Supreme XT-A3B(3M),Clearfil Majesty-A3 (MJ),Gradia Direct-A3(GC),Venus-A3(VE)and Charisma Diamond-A3(CA)were prepared in the diameter of 9 mm with the thickness 2.0 mm.PR-650 spectral scanning colorimeter was used to measure and caculate translucency parameters(TP),opal-escence parameter(OP)and fluorescence reflection(FL)and to draw the fluorescence reflection curves.Results:Except XT and MJ,TP value of other resin composites were in the range of natural tooth.Only OP value of XT was in the range of natural tooth en-amel.FL value of XT was close to that of natural tooth dentin.Fluorescent peak wavelength of GC,MJ,VE and CA were in the range of natural tooth,but fluorescent peak height was higher than that of natual tooth.TP was positively correlated with OP(r =0.85,P <0.05).There was no statistic correlation between TP and FL,between OP and FL.Conclusion:The 6 resin composites can simulate optical property of natual tooth,but the opalescence of resin composites is defective.

Radiographic diagnosis of vertical root fracture / 华西口腔医学杂志

Vertical root fracture (VRF) is different from odontoclasis caused by trauma or injury. VRF is defined as a complete or incomplete fracture of roots caused by long-term and persistent stimulus, such as excessive forces from mastication or occlusion, improper tooth anatomy, and tooth treatment accident. Early diagnosis of VRF is essential to prevent the absorption of alveolar bone, thereby improving prognosis. Radiographic examination is the most common and effective evaluation method for VRF. Cone beam computed tomography can provide three-dimensional information for fracture details, which are more precise than traditional periapical films. In this paper, we present the radiographic features, differential diagnosis, and new treatment techniques for VRF.

Esthetic effect of resin infiltration for the treatment of post-orthodontic white spot lesions / 实用口腔医学杂志

Objective:To evaluate the effects of resin infiltration in the treatment of post-orthodontic white spot lesions (WSLs)and compare it with microabrasion.Methods:1 0 subjects with 66 teeth with noncavitated and unrestored WSLs after multibracket treatment were recruited.A simple randomized,split-mouth and controlled design was used to allocate WSLs to the resin infiltration and micro-abrasion groups(n =33).The area of the WSLs were measured photographically by using image analysis software before treatment (T0),1 week(T2)and 3 months(T3)after treatment.Data were analyzed with multifactorial analysis of the variances with repeated measures at an a level of 5% and a power of 80%.Results:The area of the white spot lesions(R)decreased significantly in both groups(P <0.05).At T3 the success rate of resin infiltration group(88.68%)was significantly higher than that of microabrasion group (64.67%)(P <0.05).Conclusion:Resin infiltration is more effective than microabrasion in the treatment of post-orthodontic WSLs.

Isolation and identification of aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria in the oral cavity / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To establish a systematic method for isolation and identification of aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria in the oral cavity.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Samples of the saliva, dental plaque and periapical granulation tissue were collected from 20 subjects with healthy oral condition and from 8 patients with different oral diseases. The bacteria in the samples were identified by morphological identification, VITEK automatic microorganism identification and 16s rRNA gene sequencing.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>VITEK automatic microorganism identification and 16s rRNA gene sequencing showed an agreement rate of 22.39% in identifying the bacteria in the samples. We identified altogether 63 bacterial genus (175 species), among which Streptococcus, Actinomyces and Staphylococcus were the most common bacterial genus, and Streptococcus anginosus, Actinomyces oris, Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus mitis were the most common species. Streptococcus anginosus was commonly found in patients with chronic periapical periodontitis. Streptococcus intermedius and Staphylococcus aureus were common in patients with radiation caries, and in patients with rampant caries, Streptococcus mutans was found at considerably higher rate than other species.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria are commonly found in the oral cavity, and most of them are gram-positive. 16s rRNA gene sequencing is more accurate than VITEK automatic microorganism identification in identifying the bacteria.</p>

Effect of arginine dentifrice on remineralization of initial enamel carious lesions / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate remineralization efficacy of an arginine containing dentifrice on initial enamel carious lesions in vitro.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Human enamel blocks with early lesions were prepared and randomly divided into three treatment groups: negative control group (distilled and deionized water), positive control group (fluoride containing dentifrice and 0.14% sodium monofluorophosphate), and test dentifrice group (8.0% arginine and 0.14% sodium monofluorophosphate). The lesions were subjected to a pH-cycling regime for 10 days. Surface enamel microhardness of the enamel blocks from each group was measured before and after pH cycling, and the surface microhardness recovery was calculated. Then, specimens were analyzed for enamel fluoride uptake (EFU) through acid etching method, after which they were treated in demineralization solution for a 2 h period of acid challenge. The other specimens were sectioned and examined through polarized light microscopy.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In the test dentifrice group, microhardness recovery and EFU were significantly higher than those in the negative control and positive groups. The test dentifrice group was significantly resistant to the acid challenge compared with the other groups. Conspicuous remineralization of enamel subsurface lesions was observed under polarized light microscopy among samples treated with test dentifrice, whereas the control groups showed no significant changes on enamel subsurface lesions.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>This study presents the potential superiority of Pro-Argin dentifrice over conventional fluoride dentifrice in promoting the remineralization of initial enamel lesions.</p>