Identification and characterisation of SARS-CoV-2 and Human alphaherpesvirus 1 from a productive coinfection in a fatal COVID-19 case.

BACKGROUND: During routine Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) diagnosis, an unusually high viral load was detected by reverse transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) in a nasopharyngeal swab sample collected from a patient with respiratory and neurological symptoms who rapidly succumbed to the disease. Therefore we sought to characterise the infection. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to determine and characterise the etiological agent responsible for the poor outcome. METHODS: Classical virological methods, such as plaque assay and plaque reduction neutralisation test combined with amplicon-based sequencing, as well as a viral metagenomic approach, were performed to characterise the etiological agents of the infection. FINDINGS: Plaque assay revealed two distinct plaque phenotypes, suggesting either the presence of two severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) strains or a productive coinfection of two different species of virus. Amplicon-based sequencing did not support the presence of any SARS-CoV-2 genetic variants that would explain the high viral load and suggested the presence of a single SARS-CoV-2 strain. Nonetheless, the viral metagenomic analysis revealed that Coronaviridae and Herpesviridae were the predominant virus families within the sample. This finding was confirmed by a plaque reduction neutralisation test and PCR. MAIN CONCLUSIONS: We characterised a productive coinfection of SARS-CoV-2 and Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) in a patient with severe symptoms that succumbed to the disease. Although we cannot establish the causal relationship between the coinfection and the severity of the clinical case, this work serves as a warning for future studies focused on the interplay between SARS-CoV-2 and HSV-1 coinfection and COVID-19 severity.

Identification and characterisation of SARS-CoV-2 and Human alphaherpesvirus 1 from a productive coinfection in a fatal COVID-19 case

BACKGROUND During routine Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) diagnosis, an unusually high viral load was detected by reverse transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) in a nasopharyngeal swab sample collected from a patient with respiratory and neurological symptoms who rapidly succumbed to the disease. Therefore we sought to characterise the infection. OBJECTIVES We aimed to determine and characterise the etiological agent responsible for the poor outcome. METHODS Classical virological methods, such as plaque assay and plaque reduction neutralisation test combined with amplicon-based sequencing, as well as a viral metagenomic approach, were performed to characterise the etiological agents of the infection. FINDINGS Plaque assay revealed two distinct plaque phenotypes, suggesting either the presence of two severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) strains or a productive coinfection of two different species of virus. Amplicon-based sequencing did not support the presence of any SARS-CoV-2 genetic variants that would explain the high viral load and suggested the presence of a single SARS-CoV-2 strain. Nonetheless, the viral metagenomic analysis revealed that Coronaviridae and Herpesviridae were the predominant virus families within the sample. This finding was confirmed by a plaque reduction neutralisation test and PCR. MAIN CONCLUSIONS We characterised a productive coinfection of SARS-CoV-2 and Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) in a patient with severe symptoms that succumbed to the disease. Although we cannot establish the causal relationship between the coinfection and the severity of the clinical case, this work serves as a warning for future studies focused on the interplay between SARS-CoV-2 and HSV-1 coinfection and COVID-19 severity.

Treatment dropout after pregnancy: a study of women living with HIV in Rio de Janeiro.

Despite the investment in prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV, there is still little data about the proportion of women that are retained in treatment after pregnancy in Brazil. Research worldwide shows that a significant proportion of women drop out of treatment after pregnancy. The aim of this study was to identify factors associated with treatment dropout of women that received prenatal care at a federal hospital in Rio de Janeiro between 2016 and 2017 and abandoned treatment after pregnancy. This was a retrospective cohort study using data on prescription refills and hospital medical records. Cross-sectional analysis of data from 454 women showed that 18% were not on cART after pregnancy. Illicit drug use during pregnancy, being less than 35 years old, and being aware of HIV diagnosis before conceiving but not taking cART were factors associated with treatment interruption postpartum. The high prevalence of interruption of HIV treatment after pregnancy suggests that there is a need for better post-natal care to increase adherence in this population.

Postmalaria neurological syndrome: a case report / Síndrome neurológica pós-malária: relato de um caso

Described here is a case of postmalaria neurological syndrome in a patient who presented infection by Plasmodium falciparum two months earlier. The patient received empiric use of acyclovir for herpetic meningoencephalitis, but neuropsychiatric symptoms improved only after administration of methylprednisolone.

Descrição de um caso de síndrome neurológica pós-malária em paciente que apresentou infecção por Plasmodium falciparum dois meses antes. O paciente fez uso empírico de aciclovir para meningoencefalite herpética, mas a melhora dos sintomas neuropsiquiátricos só ocorreu após administração de metilprednisolona.

Postmalaria neurological syndrome: a case report.

Described here is a case of postmalaria neurological syndrome in a patient who presented infection by Plasmodium falciparum two months earlier. The patient received empiric use of acyclovir for herpetic meningoencephalitis, but neuropsychiatric symptoms improved only after administration of methylprednisolone.

Hemoptise/s e síndrome de angústia respiratória aguda como expressöes clínicas dominantes no curso da leptospirose / Massive hemoptysis and adult respiratory distress syndrome like clinical manifestations in leptospirosis

Säo apresentados, a guisa de exemplos, três casos de leptospirose com manifestaçöes clínicas respiratórias e alteraçöes radiográficas e gasométricas compatíveis com envolvimento pulmonar importante. Em dois casos, episódios de hemoptises francas foram assinalados, fato näo raramente detectado na leptospirose e que confunde com freqüência o diagnóstico. Como a doença é endêmica, com elevada prevalência em nosso meio, decidimos mostrar algumas características, clínicas do envolvimento do aparelho respiratório, fazendo uma revisäo de alguns trabalhos sobre o tema

Calazar: relato de três pacientes adultos internados no HSE-INAMPS (RJ); consideraçöes sobre esta endemia de grande importância em nosso território / Kala-zar: report of 3 adult patients hospitalized in HSE - INAMPS (RJ); considerations on this endemia of large importance in our territory

Com a apresentaçäo de tres casos clínicos de Calazar em pacientes adultos internados no HSE-INAMPS-RJ e provenientes de diferentes regiöes reconhecidamente endêmicas desta moléstia, discute-se de forma geral a sua temática, fazendo-se uma atualizaçäo sobre a mesma em nosso país. Por outro lado, vale esta apresentaçäo como advertência à clínica geral e mesmo a algumas especializaçöes, no sentido de lembrar-lhes a necessidade de pensar com maior freqüência sobre esta doença que se encontra em franco processo de expansäo em nosso território, a despeito dos enormes esforços feitos pela Superintendência de Campanhas de Saúde Pública (SUCAM) para seu controle. Diversos fatores ambientais, sociais e econômicos, as correntes migratórias internas desordenadas, a quebra de equilíbrios ecológicos e a escassez de recursos humanos e financeiros seräo seguramente os principais fatos responsáveis pelas notáveis alteraçöes por que tem passado esta zooantroponose entre nós