Plasma leptin and hunger ratings in healthy humans.

Leptin, the ob gene product, is considered as a signal involved in the regulation of energy stores through centrally mediated effects on ingestive behavior and metabolism. To investigate the relationships between appetite-related sensations and circulating leptin in humans, 12 healthy male volunteers were served two test lunches (1200 kcal, 38% carbohydrate, 50% fat, 12% protein) with comparable palatability but resulting in different postprandial hunger ratings, and plasma leptin concentrations were monitored during 8 h after meal ingestion. Whereas postprandial hunger ratings (assessed by visual analog scales) and plasma insulin patterns differed significantly between meals, no significant difference in postprandial plasma leptin concentrations was observed between the two meals. A moderate but significant increase in mean plasma leptin was found over time. We conclude that postprandial plasma leptin concentrations do not significantly differ between two meals inducing different effects on hunger subjective feelings. These data are in agreement with a role for leptin in the regulation of energy balance as a long-term adiposity-related signal rather than a short-term meal-related factor.

How the degree of unsaturation of dietary fatty acids influences the glucose and insulin responses to different carbohydrates in mixed meals.

The association of fats with carbohydrates results in a lower glucose response but the influence of the nature of the dietary fatty acids has not been investigated clearly. We examined the effect of the degree of dietary fatty acid unsaturation on the postprandial glucose and insulin responses to a mixed meal. Eight young normolipidemic men consumed four different meals in random order. The meals differed in the nature of their oils and in the type of their main carbohydrates. The meals contained either a high ratio of monounsaturated to polyunsaturated n-6 fatty acids (MUFA) or a low ratio (PUFA) and either potatoes or parboiled rice. Proteins and saturated and polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acid contents were not different among meals. Blood samples were collected every 30 min for 3 h after the test meal. The glucose response was significantly lower 30 min after the parboiled rice-PUFA meal than after parboiled rice-MUFA or potato-MUFA (P < 0.05) meals. The insulin response was lower after parboiled rice-PUFA than after potato-MUFA (P < 0.05) meals. Similarly, an effect of fat appeared after 30 min. Glucose responses (F = 1.4, P < 0.01) and insulin responses (F = 5.3, P < 0.05) to both carbohydrates were significantly lower with dietary PUFA compared with dietary MUFA. In conclusion, the degree of dietary fatty acid unsaturation (18:1 compared with 18:2) may influence the glucose and insulin responses to mixed meals.

Effect of early dietary deficiency in polyunsaturated fatty acids on two lectin binding sites in the small intestine of postweanling rats.

This study was designed to determine whether dietary lipids influence the development of intestinal cell glycosylation, in relationship to diet-induced changes in phospholipid fatty acid composition. The ability of two different lectins, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) and Maackia amurensis agglutinin (MAA), to combine specifically with particular carbohydrate residues was used to investigate the surface characteristics of epithelial cells of rats fed different dietary lipids from birth to 6 weeks of age. Diets contained 5% (weight) peanut oil (PO), rich in n-6 fatty acids; salmon oil (SO), rich in n-3 fatty acids; hydrogenated palm oil (HPO), deficient in both n-6 and n-3 fatty acids or a PO and rapeseed oil (RO) mixture (PRO), the control diet. Pieces of jejunal and ileal villi were excised from postweanling rats and prepared for lectin histochemical study. Concurrently, epithelial cells were removed from jejunal and ileal segments for determining their phospholipid fatty acid compositions. Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) deficiency was evidenced in the HPO group by the appearance of eicosatrienoic acid (20:3n-9) in both jejunal and ileal phospholipids, which paralleled the decrease in arachidonic acid content. Accretion of 18:1n-9 and 20:3n-9 in cell phospholipids of group HPO was not sufficient to match the unsaturation level in rats fed nonhydrogenated vegetable oils (PRO, PO) or fish oil (SO). The lectin histochemical study showed that WGA strongly labelled the brush border membrane microvilli whereas binding of MAA was specific to goblet cells and mucus. Regardless of the type of diet, WGA binding was weaker in the ileum than in the jejunum. In comparison to all other groups, WGA-labelling of villi was less intense in the jejunum and disappeared almost completely in the ileum of HPO-fed rats. Although SO- and PO-fed rats had, respectively, very low and high ratios of n-6 to n-3 in their intestinal phospholipids, binding of WGA in both groups was not markedly different from that in the control (PRO). MAA-labelling was very intense in jejunal and ileal villi of n-3-fed (SO) rats, whereas it was strongly attenuated in the n-3- and n-6 deficient (HPO) group. These results suggest that intestinal glycosyltransferase activities involved in cell differentiation were altered relative to the overall unsaturation index of dietary fatty acids. Alterations of epithelial glycosylation mainly resulted from a drop in total n-6 and n-3 fatty acids, although it may be speculated that there is a specific effect of n-3 fatty acids.