Efectos psicológicos de la suplementación con zumo de remolacha en jugadoras de alto rendimiento de hockey hierba / Psychological effects of beetroot juice supplementation in high performance field hockey players

El objetivo principal del estudio es analizar el efecto psicológico de la suplementación con zumo de remolacha en jugadoras de alto rendimiento de hockey hierba. La hipótesis planteada en la investigación es que la suplementación con zumo de remolacha tiene un impacto en el estado de ánimo, más específicamente en el aumento de la Tensión y el Vigor. Por otro lado, no se esperan encontrar diferencias en la Ansiedad-Estado, ni en la Satisfacción. La muestra utilizada para este estudio estaba formada por nueve participantes de entre 18 y 32 años. Se trata de un estudio doble ciego y de distribución aleatoria. Los sujetos participaron en dos sesiones con una separación de 72 horas donde consumieron el suplemento o un placebo. Previo al inicio del entrenamiento los participantes completaron el cuestionario POMS y CSAI-2R. Al final el entrenamiento las jugadoras completaron la Escala de Satisfacción. Los resultados obtenidos nos indican que no existen diferencias significativas en ninguna dimensión del POMS salvo en la dimensión Confusión. Tampoco existen diferencias significativas en las escalas de Ansiedad y de Satisfacción (AU)

The main purpose of the study was to analyze the psychological effects of beetroot juice supplementation in high-performance field hockey players. The hypothesis raised in the research was that beetroot juice supplementation has an impact on mood, more specifically increasing Tension and Vigor. On the other hand, differences in State Anxiety and Satisfaction are not expected. The sample used for this study consisted of nine participants between the 18 and 32 years old. This was a double-blind, randomized study. The sample participated in two sessions where they consumed supplement or placebo. Before starting the practice session, the subjects completed the POMS and CSAI-2R questionnaires. At the end of the practice session players completed the Satisfaction Scale. The results obtained indicate that there were no significant differences in any dimension of the POMS questionnaire except in the Confusion dimension. Also, there were no significant differences in the Anxiety and Satisfaction scales (AU)

Relación entre la identidad atlética y la satisfacción con la vida en función del motivo de retiro del fútbol profesional / Relationship between Athletic Identity, and Life Satisfaction as function of the motive for retirement from professional soccer

Aunque la identidad atlética y el motivo de retiro se consideran variables claves para comprender el retiro deportivo, existen resultados contradictorios con respecto a su relación con la satisfacción con la vida y sus posibles implicaciones en una vivencia negativa del retiro. En este estudio participaron 108 futbolistas retirados del fútbol profesional inglés quienes respondieron a la Athletic Identity Measurement Scale y la Satisfaction with Life Scale. Los resultados fueron analizados a través de pruebas de contraste de hipótesis y correlaciones bivariadas. No se hallaron diferencias significativas entre los grupos, pero el análisis correlacional sugiere que la relación entre estas variables cambia en función del motivo de retiro. Se discuten las implicaciones de estas diferencias tanto en la experiencia y preparación del retiro como en posibles intervenciones posterior a éste. (AU)

While Athletic identity and the different reasons for sports retirement have been considered key variables to understand how athletes cope with sports career termination, the relationship between these and life satisfaction remains inconclusive. A total of 108 male individuals retired from English professional football (soccer) were part of this study. Their answers to the Athletic Identity Measurement Scale and the Satisfaction with Life Scale were analyzed through statistical hypotheses tests and bivariate correlations. Although no statistical differences were found between the groups, correlational analyses suggest that the relationship between athletic identity and life satisfaction changes depending on the reason for retirement. The implications of these findings in the development of interventions for athletes near to retire is discussed. (AU)

Influence of Beetroot Juice Ingestion on Neuromuscular Performance on Semi-Professional Female Rugby Players: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study.

PURPOSE: Beetroot juice (BRJ) is considered an ergogenic aid with good to strong evidence for improving human performance in sport modalities with similar demands to rugby. However, most of the studies were realized in male athletes with limited evidence in female athletes. Thus, the aim of this study was to explore the acute ingestion of BRJ in female rugby players. METHODS: Fourteen semi-professional female rugby players (25.0 ± 3.7 years) belonging to a team from the First Spanish Female Rugby Division participated in this study. Participants were randomly divided into two groups that realized a neuromuscular battery after BRJ (140mL, 12.8 mmol NO3-) or placebo (PLAC, 140 mL, 0.08 mmol NO3-) ingestion on two different days separated by one week between protocols. The neuromuscular test battery consisted of a countermovement jump (CMJ), isometric handgrip strength (i.e., dominant), 10-m and 30-m sprint, agility t-test and Bronco test. Afterwards, participants reported a rate of perception scale (6-20 points) and side effects questionnaire associated with BRJ or PLAC ingestion. RESULTS: Statistically significant improvements were observed in CMJ (7.7%; p = 0.029; ES = 0.62), while no differences were reported in dominant isometric handgrip strength (-1.7%; p = 0.274; ES = -0.20); 10-m and 30-m sprint (0.5-0.8%; p = 0.441-0.588; ES = 0.03-0.18); modified agility t-test (-0.6%; p = 0.503; ES = -0.12) and Bronco test (1.94%; p = 0.459; ES = 0.16). CONCLUSIONS: BRJ ingestion could improve neuromuscular performance in the CMJ test, while no differences in sprint (10-m and 30-m sprint test), agility, isometric handgrip strength and endurance performance (i.e., Bronco test) were reported.

Acute Beetroot Juice Supplementation Does Not Improve Match-Play Activity in Professional Tennis Players.

ObjectiveBeetroot juice is a source of dietary nitrate (NO3-) recognized as a potential ergogenic aid to enhance tolerance during endurance exercise of submaximal-to-maximal intensity. However, little is known about the effects of beetroot juice on exercise performance in intermittent sports such as tennis. The present study aimed to determine the effect of acute beetroot juice supplementation on movement patterns during a competitive tennis match in professional players.MethodsIn a double-blind and randomized experiment, nine professional tennis players performed two experimental trials 3 h after ingesting either 70 mL of a commercially-available concentrated beetroot juice (6.4 mmol NO3-) or placebo (0.005 mmol NO3-). In each experimental trial, players completed a 3-set tennis match and two performance tests (i.e., serve speed and isometric handgrip strength) before and after the match. Match-play running performance was recorded using wearable GPS and accelerometer units.ResultsIn comparison to the placebo trial, the acute beetroot juice supplementation did not modify any match-play running performance (p = 0.178 to 0.997, d = 0.01 to 0.42). Furthermore, beetroot juice supplementation did not alter the pre-to-post match change in serve speed (p = 0.663, ηp2 = 0.03) or isometric handgrip strength (p = 0.219, ηp2 = 0.18).Conclusions: The current results indicated that acute ingestion of a commercialized shot of nitrate-rich beetroot juice (70 mL containing 6.4 mmol of NO3-) did not produce any performance benefit on tennis matchplay. Thus, acute beetroot juice supplementation seems an ergogenic aid with little value to enhance physical performance in professional tennis players.

Analysis of the consumption of sports supplements in elite fencers according to sex and competitive level.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to analyze the consumption of sports supplements (SS) in competitive level fencers and compare differences based on sex and competitive level (international and national). METHODS: A total of 49 fencers (18 men and 31 women) of national (n = 16) and international (n = 33) level completed a questionnaire with questions about SS consumption and the possible repercussions on health and / or sports performance. The results were analyzed based on the different categorizations established by the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS), as well as by sex and level of competence to which the participants belonged to. RESULTS: 46.9% of fencers have consumed SS with the main motivation being performance improvement (34.2%). Medical doctors were the individuals who were more likely to advise men to consume SS (50.0% vs 5.6%; OR = 3.29 [1.50-7.20]). Friends were most likely to advise women (38.9% vs 8.3%; OR = 1.75 [1.05-2.93]). The most consumed SS were sport drinks (44.9%), vitamin C (43.4%), sport bars (38.8%), and caffeine (28.6%). In regards to the SS categories, it was observed differences in the interaction level·sex in medical supplements (p = 0.017). In addition, there was a higher prevalence of whey protein consumption in women (25.8% vs 0%; p = 0.020) and iron consumption in men (33% vs 6.5%; p = 0.039). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of SS use in fencers is within the values previously reported in athletes of the same competitive level. There were no differences by sex and competitive level in the total consumption of SS, nor in each of the groups of level of evidence, being sport drinks, bars and caffeine the most consumed SS.

Acute Effects of Caffeine Intake on Psychological Responses and High-Intensity Exercise Performance.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of caffeine supplementation on: (i) psychological responses of subjective vitality and mood; (ii) performance through a Wingate test; and (iii) rate of perceived exertion (RPE) reported after a Wingate test. METHODS: Fifteen male participants (22.60 ± 2.16 years) ingested 6 mg·kg-1 of caffeine or placebo (sucrose) supplementation in two experimental sessions. After 60 min from supplement intake, participants fulfilled two questionnaires, which measured subjective vitality and mood state, respectively. Subsequently, participants' performance was assessed through a Wingate test, which was followed by measurements of RPE at general, muscular, or cardiovascular level. RESULTS: Caffeine supplementation increased some components of mood, as assessed by profile of mood states (POMS) (tension and vigor dimensions) and subjective vitality profiles, which were followed by a greater maximum power, average power, and lower time needed to reach maximum power during the Wingate test. Moreover, lower RPE, both at muscular and general levels were reported by participants after the Wingate test. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that caffeine supplementation exerts positive effects both in psychological and physical domains in trained subjects.

Caffeine improves performance but not duration of the countermovement jump phases.

BACKGROUND: The countermovement jump (CMJ) test is often employed to assess power generated in the lower limbs and has been related to performance in several sports modalities. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of caffeine supplementation on jump height, average power (AP), peak power (PP), maximum velocity (Vmax), force production and duration of the eccentric, isometric and concentric muscle contraction phases of a CMJ. METHODS: Sixteen resistance-trained men (age: 22.69±2.12 years; height: 1.78±0.06 m; weight: 78.09±10.27 kg) performed a CMJ 60 minutes after having taken an oral supplement containing 6 mg·kg-1 of caffeine or placebo (sucrose). The study design was randomized, double-blind crossover. RESULTS: Caffeine ingestion improved jump height (+3.86%, P=0.02), Vmax (+1.49%, P=0.023), AP (+4.83%, P=0.006), and PP (+3.49%, P=0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Acute caffeine supplementation leads to improved CMJ height, Vmax, AP and PP without significantly affecting the duration of the different test phases. Therefore, caffeine supplementation may be employed as ergogenic aid in sports where CMJ performance has been associated with sport-specific performance enhancements.

A Survey on Dietary Supplement Consumption in Amateur and Professional Rugby Players.

PURPOSE: the aim of the present study was to analyse the pattern of dietary supplements (DS) consumption on federated rugby players, including the analysis of differences based on the sex and competitive level (professional vs. amateurs). MATERIAL AND METHODS: 144 rugby players (83 male and 61 female), of whom 69 were professionals and 75 amateurs, were recruited for the study. All the participants filled out a specific questionnaire about DS consumption including questions related to the consumption of DS and their effects on sport performance and health status. RESULTS: 65.3% of participants declared consuming at least one DS, with a higher prevalence in males than females (77.1% vs. 49.2%) and in professionals thanin amateur players (79.7% vs. 52.0%). The main reason for consumption was to enhance sport performance (62.3%) with differences only based on sex (74.3% males vs. 43.2% females). The most common purchase sites were the Internet (45.6%) and specialised stores (39.8%). As to the moment of ingestion, professionals did this most frequently during competition and training (56.4% vs. 28.2%), whereas amateur players did so only during competition (20.5% vs. 3.6%). Moreover, professional player intake most frequently in post-exercise (65.5% vs. 35.9%), whereas amateur during pre-exercise (30.8% vs. 5.5%). The DS most consumed included whey protein (44%), caffeine (42%), sports drinks (38%), energy bars (34%) and creatine monohydrate (31%), with a higher prevalence in male and professional players of whey protein and creatine monohydrate. CONCLUSIONS: The main reason for DS consumption is for enhancing sports performance). Professional players more frequently purchase them on the Internet and consume DS during training and competition period and in the post-exercise, whereas amateur players consume during competition and pre-exercise. Related to the main form of DS consumption, it is observed that a moderate consumption of DS could be considered ergogenic, such as whey protein, sport bar and creatine, while an absence of other DS could be considered ergogenic.

The Effect of Dietary Nitrate Supplementation on Isokinetic Torque in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Dietary nitrate (NO3-) supplementation, which can enhance performance in exercise settings involving repeated high-intensity efforts, has been linked to improved skeletal muscle contractile function. Although muscular strength is an important component of explosive movements and sport-specific skills, few studies have quantified indices of muscular strength following NO3- supplementation, particularly isokinetic assessments at different angular velocities. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine whether dietary NO3- supplementation improves peak torque, as assessed by the gold standard method of isokinetic dynamometry, and if this effect was linked to the angular velocity imposed during the assessment. Dialnet, Directory of Open Access Journals, MEDLINE, PubMed, SciELO, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus were searched for articles using the following search strategy: (nitrate OR beet*) AND (supplement* OR nutr* OR diet*) AND (isokinetic OR strength OR "resistance exercise" OR "resistance training" OR "muscular power"). The meta-analysis of data from 5 studies with 60 participants revealed an overall effect size of -0.01 for the effect of nitrate supplementation on isokinetic peak torque, whereas trivial effect sizes ranging from -0.11 to 0.16 were observed for independent velocity-specific (90°/s, 180°/s, 270°/s, and 360°/s) isokinetic peak torque. Four of the five studies indicated that dietary NO3- supplementation is not likely to influence voluntary knee extensor isokinetic torque across a variety of angular velocities. These results suggest that NO3- supplementation does not influence isokinetic peak torque, but further work is required to elucidate the potential of NO3- supplementation to influence other indices of muscular strength, given the dearth of experimental evidence on this topic.

Effect of Beetroot Juice Supplementation on Mood, Perceived Exertion, and Performance During a 30-Second Wingate Test.

PURPOSE: Dietary supplementation with inorganic nitrate (NO3-) can enhance high-intensity exercise performance by improving skeletal muscle contractility and metabolism, but the extent to which this might be linked to altered psychophysiological processes is presently unclear. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of NO3--rich beetroot juice (BJ) supplementation on profile of mood states, ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), and performance in a 30-second Wingate cycle test. METHODS: In a double-blind, randomized, cross-over study, 15 subjects completed 2 laboratory sessions after ingesting NO3--rich or NO3--depleted (placebo) BJ. Participants initially completed the profile of mood states questionnaire. Subsequently, participants completed a warm-up followed by a 30-second all-out Wingate cycling test. After the Wingate test, participants immediately indicated the RPE of their leg muscles (RPEmuscular), cardiovascular system (RPEcardio), and general RPE (RPEgeneral). RESULTS: Compared with the placebo condition, supplementation with BJ increased peak power output (Wpeak) (+4.4%, 11.5 [0.7] vs 11.1 [1.0] W·kg-1; P = .039) and lowered the time taken to reach Wpeak (7.3 [0.9] vs 8.7 [1.5] s; P = .002) during the Wingate test. The profile of mood states score linked to tension was increased prior to the Wingate test (4.8 [3.0] vs 3.4 [2.4]; P = .040), and RPEmuscular was lowered immediately following the Wingate test (17.7 [1.6] vs 18.3 [1.0]; P = .031), after BJ compared with placebo ingestion. CONCLUSIONS: Acute BJ supplementation improved pre-exercise tension, 30-second Wingate test performance, and lowered postexercise RPEmuscular.

Caffeine Supplementation Improves Anaerobic Performance and Neuromuscular Efficiency and Fatigue in Olympic-Level Boxers.

BACKGROUND: this study examined the effects of caffeine supplementation on anaerobic performance, neuromuscular efficiency and upper and lower extremities fatigue in Olympic-level boxers. METHODS: Eight male athletes, members of the Spanish National Olympic Team, were enrolled in the study. In a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled, counterbalanced, crossover design, the athletes completed 2 test sessions after the intake of caffeine (6 mg·kg-1) or placebo. Sessions involved initial measures of lactate, handgrip and countermovement jump (CMJ) performance, followed by a 30-seconds Wingate test, and then final measures of the previous variables. During the sessions, electromiography (EMG) data were recorded on the gluteus maximus, biceps femoris, vastus lateralis, gastrocnemius lateral head and tibialis anterior. RESULTS: caffeine enhanced peak power (6.27%, p < 0.01; Effect Size (ES) = 1.26), mean power (5.21%; p < 0.01; ES = 1.29) and reduced the time needed to reach peak power (-9.91%, p < 0.01; ES = 0.58) in the Wingate test, improved jump height in the CMJ (+2.4 cm, p < 0.01), and improved neuromuscular efficiency at peak power in the vastus lateralis (ES = 1.01) and gluteus maximus (ES = 0.89), and mean power in the vastus lateralis (ES = 0.95) and tibialis anterior (ES = 0.83). CONCLUSIONS: in these Olympic-level boxers, caffeine supplementation improved anaerobic performance without affecting EMG activity and fatigue levels in the lower limbs. Further benefits observed were enhanced neuromuscular efficiency in some muscles and improved reaction speed.

Percepción de salud, autoestima y autoconcepto físico en persones mayores en función de su actividad física / Perception of health, self-esteem and physical self-concept in elderly persons based on their physical activity / Percepção da saúde, auto-estima e autoconceito físico em pessoas idosas baseadas em sua atividade física

El propósito de este estudio es analizar la relación existente entre la Autoestima y las dimensiones que definen el Autoconcepto Físico, y la percepción de la salud en personas mayores, en relación con el nivel de práctica de actividad física que realizan. Para ello, 130 participantes de entre 63 y 75 años (M = 67.3 y DT = 3.14), fueron clasificados en dos grupos, personas físicamente activas y personas físicamente inactivas, en función del nivel de actividad física que realizan; a todos se les aplicó la Self-Esteem Scale de Rosenberg, el Physical Self-Perception Prole de Fox y Corbin y el Cuestionario de Salud SF-36 de Ware y Sherbourne. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto la relación positiva que se establece entre ser una persona físicamente activa y los mejores niveles en autoestima, condición física y competencia percibida. Además, se determina que el rol físico y emocional que desempeñan las personas en las rutinas diarias, están en relación respectivamente, con la competencia percibida y la apariencia física

The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between self-esteem and the dimensions that define physical self-concept, and the perception of health in older people, in relation to the level of physical activity practice they perform. To do this, 130 participants between 63 and 75 years old (M = 67.3 and DT = 3.14), were classified into two groups, physically active and physically inactive, depending on the level of physical activity they perform; Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Scale, Fox and Corbin’s Physical Self-Perception Profile, and SF-36 Health Survey from Ware and Sherbourne were all applied to them. The results show the positive relationship established between being a physically active person and the best levels in self-esteem, physical condition and perceived competence. In addition, it is determined that the physical and emotional role played by people in daily routines, are respectively related to perceived competence and physical appearance

O objetivo deste estudo é analisar a relação entre auto-estima e as dimensões que definem o auto-conceito físico, e a percepção de saúde em idosos, em relação ao nível de atividade física que executam. Para isso, 130 participantes com idade 63 a 75 anos (M = 67,3 e SD = 3,14), foram classificados em dois grupos, Fisicamente ativos e fisicamente inativos, dependendo do nível da actividade física que realizam; A Self-Esteem Scale de Rosenberg, Physical Self-Perception Profile de Fox y Corbin e o Cuestionario de Salud SF-36 de Ware e Sherbourne, foram todos aplicados a eles. Os resultados mostram a relação positiva estabelecida entre ser uma pessoa fisicamente ativa e os melhores níveis de autoestima, condição física e competência percebida. Além disso, determina-se que o papel físico e emocional desempenhado pelas pessoas nas rotinas diárias esteja relacionado, respectivamente, à competência percebida e à aparência física

Acute caffeine supplementation in combat sports: a systematic review.

Caffeine used as a supplement has been shown to improve physical and cognitive performance in several sport modalities due to its effects on the central nervous system. This review assesses the direct effects of caffeine supplementation on performance in combat sports. Using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis) guidelines, relevant studies were identified through the Medline, Scopus and SPORTDiscus databases. Of 1053 search results, only 9 articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Of these, three studies detected no ergogenic effect of caffeine supplementation, while six studies did observe a significant positive effect. Supplementation with 3-6 mg/kg of caffeine was found to increase the glycolytic contribution to energy metabolism during the execution of real or simulated combats, as indicated by elevated blood lactate concentrations. Caffeine intake was also noted to improve levels of strength, power and upper arm muscular endurance. These effects were not paralleled by an increase in the exertion perceived by the athlete.

Effects of Beetroot Juice Supplementation on Performance and Fatigue in a 30-s All-Out Sprint Exercise: A Randomized, Double-Blind Cross-Over Study.

As a nitric oxide precursor, beetroot juice (BJ) is known to enhance high-intensity exercise performance (80⁻100% VO2max) yet its impacts on higher intensity sprint exercise (>100% VO2max) remain to be established. This study sought to examine the effects of BJ supplementation on performance and subsequent fatigue during an all-out sprint exercise. Using a randomized cross-over, double-blind, placebo-controlled design, 15 healthy resistance-trained men (22.4 ± 1.6 years) ingested 70 mL of either BJ or placebo. Three hours later, participants undertook a 30-s all-out Wingate test. Before and after the sprint exercise and at 30 s and 180 s post-exercise, three countermovement jumps (CMJ) were performed and blood lactate samples were obtained. Compared to placebo, BJ consumption improved peak (placebo vs. BJ, 848 ± 134 vs. 881 ± 135 W; p = 0.049) and mean (641 ± 91 vs. 666 ± 100 W; p = 0.023) power output and also reduced the time taken to reach Wpeak in the Wingate test (8.9 ± 1.4 vs. 7.3 ± 0.9 s; p = 0.003). No differences were detected in the fatigue index. In addition, while over time CMJ height and power diminished (ANOVA p < 0.001) and blood lactate levels increased (ANOVA p < 0.001), no supplementation effect was observed. Our findings indicate that while BJ supplementation improved performance at the 30-s cycling sprint, this improvement was not accompanied by differences in fatigue during or after this type of exercise.

Nutritional needs in the professional practice of swimming: a review.

PURPOSE: Swimming requires developing a high aerobic and anaerobic capacity for strength and technical efficiency. The purpose of this study was to establish the nutritional requirements and dietary strategies that can optimize swimming performance. METHODS: Several related studies retrieved from the databases, Dialnet, Elsevier, Medline, Pubmed, and Web of Science, through keyword search strategies were reviewed. RESULTS: The recommended carbohydrate intake ranges between 6-10-12 g/kg/d, protein 2 g/kg/d, and fat should surpass 20-25% of the daily intake. CONCLUSION: Performance can be optimized with a hydration plan, as well as adequate periodization of supplements, such as caffeine, creatine, sodium bicarbonate, B-alanine, beetroot juice, Vitamin D, bovine colostrum, and HMB.