Hypoxia-targeted gold nanorods for cancer photothermal therapy.

Tumor hypoxia is a well-recognized driver of resistance to traditional cancer therapies such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy. We describe development of a new nanoconstruct composed of gold nanorods (GNRs) conjugated to carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) antibody that specifically binds to CAIX, a biomarker of hypoxia, to facilitate targeting tumor hypoxic areas for focused photothermal ablation. Physicochemical characterization studies confirmed the size, shape, monodispersity, surface charge, and serum stability of the GNRs. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and cellular binding and uptake studies confirmed successful conjugation of antibody to the GNRs and specificity for CAIX. Near-infrared irradiation of CAIX-overexpressing cells treated with GNR/anti-CAIX resulted in significantly higher cell death than cells treated with control GNRs. In vivo biodistribution studies using hyperspectral imaging and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry confirmed intravenous administration results not only in greater accumulation of GNR/anti-CAIX in tumors than control GNRs but also greater penetration into hypoxic areas of tumors. Near-infrared ablation of these tumors showed no tumor regression in the sham-treated group, regression but recurrence in the non-targeted-GNR group, and complete tumor regression in the targeted-GNR group. GNR/anti-CAIX nanoconstructs show promise as hypoxia targeting and photothermal ablation agents for cancer treatment.

Development of PLGA-based itraconazole injectable nanospheres for sustained release.

PURPOSE: Itraconazole (ITZ) is a synthetic triazole antifungal agent, which is widely used for treatment and prevention of fungal infections. The purpose of this study is to develop ITZ-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanospheres (PLGA-ITZ-NS) as a new sustained-release formulation for intravenous ITZ administration. MATERIALS AND METHODS: PLGA-ITZ-NS were prepared by a nanoprecipitation method and optimized by modifying the surfactant poloxamer 188 concentration and PLGA:ITZ ratio. Their physicochemical properties, including size, zeta potential, external morphology and encapsulation efficiency, were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The effect of the different selected lyoprotectants with various concentrations on NS particles size and surface charge were also assessed. Rapid and sensitive HPLC and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods were developed to determine ITZ concentrations in formulation and in rat plasma, respectively. Pharmacokinetics of the optimum PLGA-ITZ-NS formulation was compared with the former commercial Sporanox® injection formulation using rats as the animal model. Noncompartmental pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained by WinNonlin® software. RESULTS: Optimal PLGA-ITZ-NS had a mean particle size of about 200 nm with a high homogeneity (polydispersity index ≈0.2), favorable zeta potential (approximately -20 to -30 mV) and encapsulation efficiency (72%). In addition, 2% w/v sucrose was selected as a lyoprotectant for NS freeze-drying. The newly developed LC-MS/MS assay was validated and found to be accurate and precise. The in vivo study showed that the NS formulation has a similar systemic bioavailability to Sporanox® while providing a sustained plasma level (> 100 ng/mL) for up to 24 hours after intravenous administration. CONCLUSION: Our newly developed PLGA-ITZ-NS has shown great sustained release and comparable bioavailability with Sporanox®, therefore having the potential to be an alternative injectable formulation of ITZ.

LC-MS/MS determination of etravirine in rat plasma and its application in pharmacokinetic studies.

Etravirine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) that is active against NNRT-resistant HIV-1. A simple, sensitive, and specific LC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for the analysis of etravirine in rat plasma using itraconazole as the internal standard. The analytes were extracted with ethyl acetate and chromatographed on a reverse-phase XTerra MS C18 column. Elution was achieved with a mobile phase gradient varying the proportion of a 2 mM ammonium acetate aqueous solution containing 0.1% formic acid (solvent A) and a 0.1% formic acid in methanol solution (solvent B) at a flow rate of 300 µL/min. The analytes were monitored by tandem-mass spectrometry with positive electrospray ionization. The precursor/product transitions (m/z) in the positive ion mode were 435.9→163.6 and 706.7→392.6 for etravirine and the internal standard, respectively. Calibration curves were linear over the etravirine rat plasma concentration range of 1-100 ng/mL. The inter- and intra-day accuracy and precision were within ±10%. The assay has been successfully used for pharmacokinetic evaluation of etravirine using the rat as an animal model.