The impact of balance-focused attitudes on job stress: Gender differences evidenced in American and Chinese samples.

Based on gender role expectations model, we examined how balance-focused attitudes would affect job stress by influencing individuals' perceptions of family interference with work (FIW), and investigated whether a gender difference would exist in the relationships among balance-focused attitudes, FIW and job stress. Using two independent samples from the United States and China, we found support for the indirect influence of balance-focused attitudes on job stress, through FIW. Participants with balance-focused attitudes experienced lower levels of job stress as they perceived less interference from family to work. As expected, such indirect effect was more pronounce among male participants, meaning that the male participants benefited more from having balance-focused attitudes. Discussion, theoretical and practical implications are provided.

Role of self-esteem in the relationship between stress and ingratiation.

The relations among self-esteem, stress, and ingratiatory behaviors in the workplace were examined. Competing models for moderating and mediating effects of self-esteem on the relationship between stress and ingratiation were presented. Data from a sample of 136 employees at a state lottery organization were used to test the competing models. Support was found for the full mediation model, wherein self-esteem completely mediated the relationship between stress and ingratiation.

Stirring the hearts of followers: charismatic leadership as the transferal of affect.

In 2 studies, the authors found that leader charisma was positively associated with followers' positive affect and negatively associated with followers' negative affect. The authors hypothesized that leaders' positive affect, positive expression, and aroused behavior will mediate these relationships. The results of their lab study suggest that leaders' positive expression and aroused behavior mediated these relationships. A field study showed that firefighters under the command of a charismatic officer were happier than those under the command of a non-charismatic officer and that these relationships were mediated by the leader's positive affect and a tendency to express positivity.

Improving attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder treatment outcomes through use of a collaborative consultation treatment service by community-based pediatricians: a cluster randomized trial.

OBJECTIVE: To test whether adoption of a collaborative consultative service model results in improved patient outcomes. DESIGN: Twelve pediatric practices were randomly assigned to receive access to collaborative consultative services or to a control group. SETTING: Community-based pediatric offices. PARTICIPANTS: Fifty-two pediatricians and their 377 patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Intervention A collaborative consultative service promoting the use of titration trials and periodic monitoring during medication maintenance. Main Outcome Measure Physician practice behaviors and child ADHD symptomatology. RESULTS: Using self-report of pediatricians, the collaborative consultative service increased the use of evidence-based practices by pediatricians, but no difference in children's ADHD symptomatology was observed between the groups. However, many pediatricians did not fully use the collaborative consultative services. Those children who actually received collaborative consultative services showed significant behavioral improvement compared with children not receiving these services. CONCLUSIONS: When actually implemented by pediatricians, the collaborative consultative service appears to be an effective method for facilitating evidence-based treatment procedures for ADHD and use of these procedures appear to improve children's outcomes. Barriers to implementation of collaborative consultative service in pediatric practice need to be further understood.

A double-blind, placebo-controlled withdrawal trial of dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

OBJECTIVES: d,l-threo-methylphenidate HCl (D,L-MPH) is the most common treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). A previous report showed placebo-controlled efficacy for the purified d-isomer (dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride, d-MPH, Focalin) with a 2:1 potency compared to dl, and suggested a 6-hour duration of action. This study complements that report by studying the effect of placebo-controlled discontinuation and retesting the duration of action. METHODS: A 6-week, open-label titration of d-MPH (2.5-10 mg twice-a-day) was followed by a double-blind, placebo-controlled, 2-week withdrawal study of responders. RESULTS: In the open titration, 82% of the 89 enrolled patients achieved a Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I) rating of much or very much improved. Only 5 patients discontinued for adverse events. Seventy-five patients continued into the placebo-controlled discontinuation. For the randomly assigned d-MPH (n=35) and placebo (n=40) groups, mean ages, respectively, were 10.1 +/- 2.9 and 9.9 +/- 2.7 years, 86% and 78% were male, and 70.6% and 80.0% took the ceiling dose of 10 mg twice-daily, respectively. Each group had 80% combined type ADHD and 20% inattentive type. By the end of the 2-week, placebo-masked withdrawal, significantly more placebo patients (24 of 39) than d-MPH continuers (6 of 35) relapsed (61.5% versus 17.1%, p=0.001). Compared to d-MPH continuers, placebo patients deteriorated significantly more in the 2-week period on teacher ratings of the 18 ADHD symptoms rated 0-3 (p=0.028), the 3 p.m. and 6 p.m. parent ADHD symptom ratings (p=0.0026 and p=0.0381, respectively), and clinic (2-3 p.m.) and home (6 p.m.) Math Tests (p=0.024 and p<0.0001, respectively). The 6 p.m. scores replicated the significant effect at 6 hours reported in the previous study. CONCLUSIONS: d-MPH is safe, tolerable, and effective, with a 6-hour duration of effect suggested by the significant difference from placebo at 6 hours on a double-blind discontinuation.

Liking and attributions of motives as mediators of the relationships between individuals' reputations, helpful behaviors, and raters' reward decisions.

Two studies investigated the mediating effects of liking and attributions of motives on the relationship between a ratee's reputation and helpful behaviors and raters' reward decisions. During managerial simulations, raters evaluated individuals after watching videotapes in which the individual's reputation and helpful behaviors were manipulated. Results indicated an interaction effect between reputation and helpful behaviors such that a helpful person with a good reputation received more rewards than did a helpful person with a bad reputation. In contrast, an unhelpful person with a good reputation did not receive better rewards than an unhelpful person with a bad reputation. Moreover, raters' liking of ratees and the motives raters attributed to ratees' helpful behaviors mediated the relationship between the manipulations and raters' reward decisions.

The nature and dimensionality of organizational citizenship behavior: a critical review and meta-analysis.

This article reviews the literature on organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and its dimensions as proposed by D. W. Organ (1988) and other scholars. Although it is assumed that the behavioral dimensions of OCB are distinct from one another, past research has not assessed this assumption beyond factor analysis. Using meta-analysis, the authors demonstrate that there are strong relationships among most of the dimensions and that the dimensions have equivalent relationships with the predictors (job satisfaction, organizational commitment, fairness, trait conscientiousness, and leader support) most often considered by OCB scholars. Implications of these results are discussed with respect to how the OCB construct should be conceptualized and measured in the future.