The Guilt Inventory.

The Guilt Inventory contains subscales measuring trait guilt, state guilt, and moral standards. Previous research has suggested the reliability of these scales and the validity of their interpretations. The items, coding, and scoring procedure for the Guilt Inventory are presented here as well as additional evidence regarding the reliability and measurement characteristics of its subscales.

The assessment of trust orientation.

The development of the Trust Inventory, a 40-item measure of trust in generalized others (Generalized Trust) and romantic partners (Partner Trust) is described. A third conceptualization of trust in friends and family members (Network Trust) is also discussed College students (N = 1,229) participated in five stages of test construction and validation. Results indicated that the Trust Inventory scales are reliable, both internally and temporally, and that the Partner Trust and Generalized Trust Scales demonstrate both concurrent and construct validity. The resulting inventory is unique in its capacity to assess these types of trust simultaneously. Evidence supporting the discriminant validity of the Network Trust was mixed, whereas factor analytic treatments of Trust Inventory items supported the distinctiveness of Network Trust as compared to Partner and Generalized Trust, the Network Trust Scale correlated to roughly the same degree as the other two scales with several variables of differential theoretical relevance. Thus, little evidence supporting the incremental validity of Network Trust was observed Discussion focuses on the evidence suggesting the validity of interpretations of Generalized and Partner Trust and considers the issue of additional research regarding Network Trust.

Interpersonal correlates of the guilt inventory.

The interpersonal correlates of the Guilt Inventory (Kugler & Jones, 1992), which yields scores for state guilt, trait guilt, and moral standards, were assessed. Data collection addressed three issues including the relationships among Guilt Inventory scores and measures of: (a) interpersonal emotions and traits (e.g., shyness, self-consciousness, anger, etc.); (b) the social support network; and (c) ratings of trait guilt, moral standards, and relevant adjectives by friends and family members. Results indicated that trait and state guilt scores were significantly related to various interpersonal measures, most particularly, depression, anxiety, shyness, and loneliness, but only modestly related to satisfaction with social support. Moral standards were generally unrelated to these variables. Others tended to rate participants higher on trait guilt negatively (e.g., higher on contemptuous, angry, guilty, etc.), and participants higher on moral standards in socially acceptable terms (e.g., higher on prompt, self-reliant, moral, and religious). Results are interpreted in view of the frequently cited distinction between social and nonsocial emotions.

Situational and dispositional components of reactions toward persons with disabilities.

The situational and dispositional components of reactions toward disabled persons were investigated in a hypothetical format. Initially, a sample of American college students (n = 194) indicated the level of anticipated emotional arousal to 70 brief descriptions of situations in which contact with disabled people might occur on a college campus. Mean ratings were used to select nine situation descriptors representing a range of anticipated arousal levels. Subsequently, a separate sample of students (n = 164) completed the Attitudes Toward Disabled Persons Scale (Yuker, Block, & Younng, 1966) and were presented with one of the nine situation descriptors. Participants imagined themselves in the situation described (with a person with an immediately obvious disability) and indicated how they would feel and respond by completing various measures. Results indicated that emotional arousal and other reactions were attributable to main effects for both situational and attitudinal factors, whereas the statistical interactions between the two were not significant.

Shyness: conceptualization and measurement.

The concept of shyness and its measurement were investigated in a series of studies (total N = 1,687). Data collection and analysis proceeded in three phases: the revision and continued development of a measure of shyness, the Social Reticence Scale; a psychometric comparison among five measures of shyness; and an examination of the factor structure underlying the construct of shyness. Phase 1 assessed the reliability and validity of the Social Reticence Scale, including ratings of videotaped monologues and ratings by significant others. Phase 2 compared the five shyness measures with one another on indices of internal consistency and with other relevant measures of emotionality, personality, relationships, and behavior. Items from the five shyness measures were combined in a factor analysis in Phase 3, and the resulting factors were correlated with the self-report and rating data obtained in Phase 2. Overall, the results from these studies confirmed that the shyness measures were valid, reliable, and empirically distinct from measures of related constructs. Behavioral validity was observed for several of the shyness scales. Additional analyses suggested that three interpretable factors underlie responses to the shyness scales but provided little support for drawing conceptual distinctions among types of shyness. Discussion focuses on the implications of these data for the measurement and conceptualization of shyness.

Loneliness and adjustment to old age.

Among two samples of older adults, loneliness (measured by the revised UCLA Loneliness Scale) was related to poor psychological adjustment, generally, and to dissatisfaction with family and social relationships. It was also related, however, to fears, expectations, and personality characteristics likely to inhibit the restoration of personal support networks after a stressful life event such as widowhood. Finally, loneliness was associated with maladaptive behavior patterns such as failure to: a) plan for old age, b) engage in rehearsal for widowhood, c) engage in social comparison, or d) learn about available community health and social services.

The Social Reticence Scale: an objective instrument to measure shyness.

The development of a 22-item measure of shyness, the Social Reticence Scale, is described. Shyness is a common but often seriously limiting constellation of feelings and attitudes experienced in social situations. Research on shyness has been hampered by the lack of a valid, reliable and easily administered instrument with which to measure shyness. The Social Reticence Scale was found to have substantial internal consistency and test-retest reliability and several assessments of criterion and construct validity suggested that the scale was a valid measure of shyness. Preliminary evidence regarding discriminant validity is also presented as well as the factor structure of the scale.

Loneliness and social skill deficits.

The relationship between social skill deficits and the psychological state of loneliness was examined in two studies. Study 1 compared conversational behaviors of high-lonely and low-lonely college students during brief heterosexual interactions. Results indicated that the two loneliness groups differed significantly in their use of a specific class of conversational behaviors termed partner attention, with high-lonely as compared to low-lonely subjects giving less attention to their partners. Study 2 examined the casual relationship between social skill and loneliness by directly manipulating the use of partner attention in a group of high-lonely males. For that group, increased use of partner attention during dyadic interactions resulted in significantly greater change in loneliness and related variables relative to interaction only and no-contact control groups. The utility of conceptualizing loneliness as a social skills problem is discussed.

Components of loneliness during adolescence.

Predictors of adolescent loneliness were investigated in two samples of high school students (n=92)and college undergraduates (n=192).Results were similar across samples. Among the high school sample loneliness was significantly predicted by a combination of alienation, a lack of social facility and acceptance, inferiority feelings, negative school attitudes, and a lack of social integration. Among college students loneliness was negatively related to social facility, regularity, approval, and involvement and positively related to alienation, parental disinterest, negative school attitudes, and inferiority feelings.

Maternal employment and adolescent sexual behavior.

PIP: Investigated whether maternal employment would be associated with teenage sexual attitudes and behaviors likely to increase the probability of teenage pregnancy. Female subjects whose mothers were employed outside the home during the high school years had a greater tendency to begin sexual relation before age 19, expressed less concern regarding the risk of unintended pregnancy, and scored lower on an objective test of their practical knowledge about contraception.^ieng

A three-band hand-held radiometer for field use.

A self-contained, hand-held radiometer designed for field use has been constructed and tested. The 4.5-kilogram device, consisting of a strap-supported electronics module and a hand-held probe containing three sensors, is powered by flashlight and transistor radio batteries, uses two silicon and one lead sulfide detector, has three liquid-crystal displays, features sample-and-hold radiometric sampling, and is spectrally configured to Landsat-D's thematic mapper bands TM3 (0.63 to 0.69 micrometer), TM4 (0.76 to 0.90 micrometer), and TM5 (1.55 to 1.75 micrometers). The device was designed to collect ground-truth data for the thematic mapper and to facilitate ground-based, remote-sensing studies of natural materials in situ. Prototype instruments were extensively tested under laboratory and field conditions, with satisfactory results.

Predictability, attentional focus, sex role orientation, and menstrual-related stress.

Two separate studies assessed the influence on menstrual distress and related inhibition of such variables as predictability of onset, dispositional susceptibility to cultural expectations, and the attentional focus provided by labels. Greater predictability of onset was associated with more positive feedlings about menstruation in spite of more severe distress. More feminine subjects reported more severe distress, while masculinity was related inversely to inhibition. Subjects reported less distress when the symptoms to which they responded were labeled as related to menstruation. Similarly, subjects' ratings of their general health status were not related to menstrual distress scores if the symptoms were labeled menstrual. Findings are discussed with respect to greater integration of menstrual research into the literature on pain and stress generally.

Urease production from clinical isolates of beta-hemolytic Escherichia coli.

Twenty-four lactose-fermenting, urease-producing strains of beta-hemolytic Escherichia coli were isolated from a variety of clinical material. All isolates were indole positive, citrate negative, and produced the characteristic green metallic sheen on eosin-methylene blue agar.