The biotechnology revolution in textile dyeing.

Biotechnology holds the potential to revolutionize textile dyeing by utilizing biopigments, biodegradable dyes, and fermentative dyeing methods as alternatives to synthetic options. While some challenges exist, these biotechnological approaches offer innovative solutions to minimize environmental impact and foster sustainable practices, leading toward a greener, circular and efficient textile bioindustry.

Unravelling the molecular interactions behind the formation of PEG/PPG aqueous two-phase systems.

The understanding of molecular interactions that control phase separation in polymer/polymer aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) has been a subject of debate up to this day. In light of this, we set out to investigate the molecular interactions occurring in ternary mixtures composed of polyethylene glycol (PEG600), polypropylene glycol (PPG400) and water. The ternary phase diagram was plotted at two temperatures (298 K and 323 K), revealing a transition from a type 0 to a type I diagram. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed to elucidate the polymer-polymer and polymer-water interactions occurring at different temperatures and water concentrations. COnductor-like Screening Model for Realistic Solvents (COSMO-RS) was used to assess the thermodynamic properties of the polymer-water binary mixtures and their correlation with ATPS formation. The MD simulations clearly demonstrate the effect of segregation/separation with increasing water content and temperature, highlighting a significant reduction in PPG-water interactions compared to PEG-water counterparts. Polymer-water interactions were identified as those controlling the phase separation mechanism, and the thermodynamic properties determined with COSMO-RS for the polymer-water binary systems further support this view.