Sod production and the effects of liquid organo-mineral fertilizers and thickness of sod

ABSTRACT: Nitrogen fertilization and an appropriate cutting thickness can result in firmer sod that can be handled in less time with greater turfgrass regrowth during the subsequent cycle. This experiment was conducted on a sod production farm located in Capela do Alto, in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. The soil was a dystrophic Rhodic Hapludox (Oxisol) with a medium texture. The experiment had two statistical designs; the initial design was randomized blocks with seven treatments and four replicates. Treatments were five doses of liquid organo-mineral fertilizer (OMF) corresponding to 0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 kg ha1 of nitrogen (N) with supplementation of phosphorous (P) and potassium (K) as well as two control treatments - one with 300 kg ha1 of N as OMF and the other with 300 kg ha1 of N-urea + P and K. At harvest, the adopted design was a split-plot type with four replicates in a 7 × 3 factorial arrangement with seven treatments as the main plot and three sod cutting heights (9, 16 and 22 mm) as subplots. Nitrogen doses in the form of OMF influenced the percentage of ground cover (PGC) by turfgrass in both cycles. The N dose of 300 kg ha1 formed the sod more quickly and provided the largest mass of roots and stolons and the highest sod tensile strength. The thinnest sod samples had faster regrowth and provided higher PGCs.

Sod production and the effects of liquid organo-mineral fertilizers and thickness of sod

ABSTRACT: Nitrogen fertilization and an appropriate cutting thickness can result in firmer sod that can be handled in less time with greater turfgrass regrowth during the subsequent cycle. This experiment was conducted on a sod production farm located in Capela do Alto, in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. The soil was a dystrophic Rhodic Hapludox (Oxisol) with a medium texture. The experiment had two statistical designs; the initial design was randomized blocks with seven treatments and four replicates. Treatments were five doses of liquid organo-mineral fertilizer (OMF) corresponding to 0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 kg ha1 of nitrogen (N) with supplementation of phosphorous (P) and potassium (K) as well as two control treatments - one with 300 kg ha1 of N as OMF and the other with 300 kg ha1 of N-urea + P and K. At harvest, the adopted design was a split-plot type with four replicates in a 7 × 3 factorial arrangement with seven treatments as the main plot and three sod cutting heights (9, 16 and 22 mm) as subplots. Nitrogen doses in the form of OMF influenced the percentage of ground cover (PGC) by turfgrass in both cycles. The N dose of 300 kg ha1 formed the sod more quickly and provided the largest mass of roots and stolons and the highest sod tensile strength. The thinnest sod samples had faster regrowth and provided higher PGCs.

Uso de índices de reflectância das folhas para avaliar o nível de nitrogênio em grama-bermuda

Leaves reflectance in a certain wavelength can be an alternative to estimate the N concentration in the plant because of the relationship between the chlorophyll content and N in the leaf tissue. This research aimed to evaluate the index of green color of Bermuda grass to predict the nutritional status in N. The experiment was installed and conducted in an area of grass commercial production, located in "Capela do Alto / SP". The experimental design was randomized blocks, with five treatments: 0, 150, 300, 450 and 600kg ha-1 and four replications. It was evaluated the leaves reflectance by using the grass color meter, chlorophyll meter and by the digital image analysis. The hue (H) and dark green color index (DGCI), calculated based on rates of reflectance of the digital image, the DGCI, obtained by grass color meter and intensity of green color obtained with chlorophyll meter presented strong positive correlation with N concentration and the soil cover rate of Bermuda grass which can be used as auxiliary index to assist in the recommendation of nitrogen fertilization. The values that can serve as the primary index for assessing the nutritional status of N in Celebration Bermuda grass are: H 88 to 109o and DGCI 0.54 to 0,66 (digital image); H 67 to 76o and DGCI 0.41 to 0.44 (TCM 500 color grass meter) and GCI 374 to 471 (CM 1000 chlorophyll metter).

A reflectância da folha em determinados comprimentos de onda pode ser uma alternativa para estimar a concentração de nitrogênio (N) na planta, devido à relação entre o teor de clorofila e de N no tecido foliar. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar índices da cor verde em grama-bermuda para predizer o nível de N na planta. O experimento foi conduzido em área comercial de produção de grama-bermuda, localizada na cidade de Capela do Alto/SP. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos (0, 150, 300, 450 e 600kg de N ha-1) e quatro repetições. Foi avaliada a reflectância das folhas pelo uso de medidor de cor de grama, clorofilômetro, e por meio de análise da imagem digital. O matiz (H) e índice de cor verde escuro (ICVE), calculados com base nos índices de reflectância da imagem digital, o ICVE, obtido com medidor de cor de grama, e a intensidade de coloração verde (ICV), obtida com o clorofilômetro, apresentaram forte correlação positiva com a concentração de N e a taxa de cobertura do solo (TCS) da grama-bermuda, podendo ser utilizados como índices auxiliares na recomendação de adubação nitrogenada para a cultura. Os valores obtidos que podem servir como primeiros índices para avaliação do estado nutricional em N na grama-bermuda Celebration são: H de 88 a 109o e ICVE de 0,54 a 0,66 (imagem digital); H de 67 a 76o e ICVE de 0,41 a 0,44 (medidor de cor da grama TCM 500); e ICV de 374 a 471 (clorofilômetro CM 1000).

Uso de índices de reflectância das folhas para avaliar o nível de nitrogênio em grama-bermuda

Leaves reflectance in a certain wavelength can be an alternative to estimate the N concentration in the plant because of the relationship between the chlorophyll content and N in the leaf tissue. This research aimed to evaluate the index of green color of Bermuda grass to predict the nutritional status in N. The experiment was installed and conducted in an area of grass commercial production, located in "Capela do Alto / SP". The experimental design was randomized blocks, with five treatments: 0, 150, 300, 450 and 600kg ha-1 and four replications. It was evaluated the leaves reflectance by using the grass color meter, chlorophyll meter and by the digital image analysis. The hue (H) and dark green color index (DGCI), calculated based on rates of reflectance of the digital image, the DGCI, obtained by grass color meter and intensity of green color obtained with chlorophyll meter presented strong positive correlation with N concentration and the soil cover rate of Bermuda grass which can be used as auxiliary index to assist in the recommendation of nitrogen fertilization. The values that can serve as the primary index for assessing the nutritional status of N in Celebration Bermuda grass are: H 88 to 109o and DGCI 0.54 to 0,66 (digital image); H 67 to 76o and DGCI 0.41 to 0.44 (TCM 500 color grass meter) and GCI 374 to 471 (CM 1000 chlorophyll metter).

A reflectância da folha em determinados comprimentos de onda pode ser uma alternativa para estimar a concentração de nitrogênio (N) na planta, devido à relação entre o teor de clorofila e de N no tecido foliar. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar índices da cor verde em grama-bermuda para predizer o nível de N na planta. O experimento foi conduzido em área comercial de produção de grama-bermuda, localizada na cidade de Capela do Alto/SP. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos (0, 150, 300, 450 e 600kg de N ha-1) e quatro repetições. Foi avaliada a reflectância das folhas pelo uso de medidor de cor de grama, clorofilômetro, e por meio de análise da imagem digital. O matiz (H) e índice de cor verde escuro (ICVE), calculados com base nos índices de reflectância da imagem digital, o ICVE, obtido com medidor de cor de grama, e a intensidade de coloração verde (ICV), obtida com o clorofilômetro, apresentaram forte correlação positiva com a concentração de N e a taxa de cobertura do solo (TCS) da grama-bermuda, podendo ser utilizados como índices auxiliares na recomendação de adubação nitrogenada para a cultura. Os valores obtidos que podem servir como primeiros índices para avaliação do estado nutricional em N na grama-bermuda Celebration são: H de 88 a 109o e ICVE de 0,54 a 0,66 (imagem digital); H de 67 a 76o e ICVE de 0,41 a 0,44 (medidor de cor da grama TCM 500); e ICV de 374 a 471 (clorofilômetro CM 1000).

Uso de índices de reflectância das folhas para avaliar o nível de nitrogênio em grama-bermuda

Leaves reflectance in a certain wavelength can be an alternative to estimate the N concentration in the plant because of the relationship between the chlorophyll content and N in the leaf tissue. This research aimed to evaluate the index of green color of Bermuda grass to predict the nutritional status in N. The experiment was installed and conducted in an area of grass commercial production, located in "Capela do Alto / SP". The experimental design was randomized blocks, with five treatments: 0, 150, 300, 450 and 600kg ha-1 and four replications. It was evaluated the leaves reflectance by using the grass color meter, chlorophyll meter and by the digital image analysis. The hue (H) and dark green color index (DGCI), calculated based on rates of reflectance of the digital image, the DGCI, obtained by grass color meter and intensity of green color obtained with chlorophyll meter presented strong positive correlation with N concentration and the soil cover rate of Bermuda grass which can be used as auxiliary index to assist in the recommendation of nitrogen fertilization. The values that can serve as the primary index for assessing the nutritional status of N in Celebration Bermuda grass are: H 88 to 109o and DGCI 0.54 to 0,66 (digital image); H 67 to 76o and DGCI 0.41 to 0.44 (TCM 500 color grass meter) and GCI 374 to 471 (CM 1000 chlorophyll metter).

A reflectância da folha em determinados comprimentos de onda pode ser uma alternativa para estimar a concentração de nitrogênio (N) na planta, devido à relação entre o teor de clorofila e de N no tecido foliar. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar índices da cor verde em grama-bermuda para predizer o nível de N na planta. O experimento foi conduzido em área comercial de produção de grama-bermuda, localizada na cidade de Capela do Alto/SP. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos (0, 150, 300, 450 e 600kg de N ha-1) e quatro repetições. Foi avaliada a reflectância das folhas pelo uso de medidor de cor de grama, clorofilômetro, e por meio de análise da imagem digital. O matiz (H) e índice de cor verde escuro (ICVE), calculados com base nos índices de reflectância da imagem digital, o ICVE, obtido com medidor de cor de grama, e a intensidade de coloração verde (ICV), obtida com o clorofilômetro, apresentaram forte correlação positiva com a concentração de N e a taxa de cobertura do solo (TCS) da grama-bermuda, podendo ser utilizados como índices auxiliares na recomendação de adubação nitrogenada para a cultura. Os valores obtidos que podem servir como primeiros índices para avaliação do estado nutricional em N na grama-bermuda Celebration são: H de 88 a 109o e ICVE de 0,54 a 0,66 (imagem digital); H de 67 a 76o e ICVE de 0,41 a 0,44 (medidor de cor da grama TCM 500); e ICV de 374 a 471 (clorofilômetro CM 1000).