RESUMO
The aim of this note is to describe preliminary results on assessment of land use by cattle, obtained in a pilot study using Geographic Information System (GIS). The research was carried out on a semi-natural pasture in Sweden, where the geographic positions of one cow were recorded during 25 consecutive days during summer. The cow, wearing a GPS collar, was integrated in a herd of 53 Hereford cattle. Each location point registered for the animal was considered as a sampling unit (N=3,097). The spatial distribution of ground declivity, water sources, cattle tracks, and classes of woody vegetation cover (forest, grassland with trees and open grassland) were recorded. The storage, processing and data analysis were carried out using the Idrisi and GS+ softwares. Three occupation zones were identified in function of the variation in the space used by the animal, which were occupied in a cyclical pattern; with the animal moving from one zone to another in cycles of five days. It was also clear that the cattle distribution in the area was neither random nor uniform, and it was affected by environmental characteristics that act as conditioners on its distribution. These preliminary results suggest that definition of zones of occupation and the environmental conditioners are promising tools to understand the land use by cattle
O objetivo desta nota é apresentar resultados preliminares sobre a avaliação do uso do espaço por bovinos, obtidos em um estudo piloto com o uso de Sistema de Informação Geográfico. O trabalho foi realizado em uma pastagem seminatural na Suécia, onde as posições geográficas de uma vaca foram registradas durante 25 dias consecutivos no verão. O animal, equipado com colar GPS, fazia parte de um rebanho de 53 bovinos da raça Hereford. Cada ponto de localização registrado foi considerado como uma unidade amostral (N=3.097). As distribuições espaciais do bovino, da declividade do terreno, das fontes de água, das trilhas formadas pelo gado e das classes de cobertura vegetal (floresta, pastagem com árvores e pastagem aberta) foram registradas. O processamento e análise de dados foram feitos com uso dos softwares Idrisi e GS+. Três zonas de ocupação foram identificadas em função da variação no uso do espaço pelo animal, caracterizando um padrão cíclico de ocupação, com deslocamento de uma zona para outra a cada cinco dias. Ficou claro também que a distribuição do bovino na área não foi aleatória nem uniforme, sendo influenciada por características ambientais, que atuaram como condicionadores do uso do espaço. Estes resultados preliminares sugerem que a definição de zonas de ocupação e de condicionadores ambientais são ferramentas promissoras para esclarecer o uso do espaço pelo gado
RESUMO
The aim of this note is to describe preliminary results on assessment of land use by cattle, obtained in a pilot study using Geographic Information System (GIS). The research was carried out on a semi-natural pasture in Sweden, where the geographic positions of one cow were recorded during 25 consecutive days during summer. The cow, wearing a GPS collar, was integrated in a herd of 53 Hereford cattle. Each location point registered for the animal was considered as a sampling unit (N=3,097). The spatial distribution of ground declivity, water sources, cattle tracks, and classes of woody vegetation cover (forest, grassland with trees and open grassland) were recorded. The storage, processing and data analysis were carried out using the Idrisi and GS+ softwares. Three occupation zones were identified in function of the variation in the space used by the animal, which were occupied in a cyclical pattern; with the animal moving from one zone to another in cycles of five days. It was also clear that the cattle distribution in the area was neither random nor uniform, and it was affected by environmental characteristics that act as conditioners on its distribution. These preliminary results suggest that definition of zones of occupation and the environmental conditioners are promising tools to understand the land use by cattle
O objetivo desta nota é apresentar resultados preliminares sobre a avaliação do uso do espaço por bovinos, obtidos em um estudo piloto com o uso de Sistema de Informação Geográfico. O trabalho foi realizado em uma pastagem seminatural na Suécia, onde as posições geográficas de uma vaca foram registradas durante 25 dias consecutivos no verão. O animal, equipado com colar GPS, fazia parte de um rebanho de 53 bovinos da raça Hereford. Cada ponto de localização registrado foi considerado como uma unidade amostral (N=3.097). As distribuições espaciais do bovino, da declividade do terreno, das fontes de água, das trilhas formadas pelo gado e das classes de cobertura vegetal (floresta, pastagem com árvores e pastagem aberta) foram registradas. O processamento e análise de dados foram feitos com uso dos softwares Idrisi e GS+. Três zonas de ocupação foram identificadas em função da variação no uso do espaço pelo animal, caracterizando um padrão cíclico de ocupação, com deslocamento de uma zona para outra a cada cinco dias. Ficou claro também que a distribuição do bovino na área não foi aleatória nem uniforme, sendo influenciada por características ambientais, que atuaram como condicionadores do uso do espaço. Estes resultados preliminares sugerem que a definição de zonas de ocupação e de condicionadores ambientais são ferramentas promissoras para esclarecer o uso do espaço pelo gado
RESUMO
To cope with the changes imposed by high technology in animal production, farmers must be aware of some strategies to overcome the difficulties, however, they have to pay attention to minimize the impact of stress generated by some handling practices on the development of animals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the adaptation of calves to the handling routine of restricted suckling and their effects on calves performance. The breeding season (with 90 days of duration) was carried out for 50 Bos indicus calved cows (Nellore and Guzerath purebreds), and two bulls (Guzerath). The cows and their calves were randomly allocated into two treatments: permanent suckling (PS) cow and calf remained together all the day and; restricted suckling (RS) - they remained together during only 7 hours per day. For the RS group, during the first ten days of the breeding season, the time taken to apart the dyad (TA) was recorded, and was performed a 30 min. behavioral observation, recording the suckling frequency (SF). The thoracic girth was used as indicator of calves development, being measured at the beginning (time 0) and final of breeding season (90 days) The differences of time to apart and suckling frequency over the 10 days of assessment were analyzed by the Friedman test (with Bonferroni correction), followed by linear (for TA) and quadratic regression analysis (for SF). Mann-Whi
O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.
RESUMO
The restricted suckling requires the daily handling of calves and cows for their separation, increasing the frequency of contact with humans. Thus, when subjected to aversive handling procedures such as fire branding, it is expected that these individuals present lower reactivity due to their close intimacy with humans. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of fire branding procedure on the flight speed of calves subjected or not the restricted suckling. We used 70 calves from Nellore, Guzerath purebreds and their crosses, allocated into two treatments: Permanent suckling (PS) - 17 females and 18 males aged 212 (± 33.27) days, remained continuously with their dams and; restricted suckling (RS) - 16 females and 19 males aged 232 (± 42.39) days, daily separated from their dams during the breeding season (90 days of duration). A handling was done (D0) to evaluate the flight speed (FS) of the calves, this handling consisted only of physical restraint on the squeeze chute, followed by the release and recording of the speed (in m/s) at which the animals exited the chute to a pen of the corral. The next day (D1) a second handling was carried out with the same individuals, performing the aversive handling that consisted of physical restraining in the chute, fire branding and, only on females, the application of brucellosis vaccine (according to the IN n.33, 24th August 2007,
O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.
RESUMO
Ones of the largest commercial cattle herd in the world, Brazil has its cattle characterized by the use of an extensive system and the predominance of zebu breeds, especially the Nelore and its crosses. In this system the temperament of cattle becomes a problem because of the low human-animal interaction, and bad-tempered animals can cause accidents, increase maintenance costs of facilities and provide poorer quality of the carcass, meat and leather. The aim of this study was to evaluate the temperament of 24 calves Nellore and Guzerath purebreds , with a mean of 235.81 ± 39.95 days of age after submitted into two treatments during the breeding season of the cows. The treatments were: T1 - calves submitted to the management of permanent feeding (PF) and T2 - calves submitted to the management of controlled feeding (CF). Ninety days after the beginning of the breeding season, the CF was interrupted and the calves stayed with their mothers until weaning. The temperament of calves was evaluated in the weaning management through the following methods: escape velocity in meters/second (EV), reactivity test in the contention trunk (RT), crush score (CS) and escape distance (ED). The EV was obtained with the use of the equipment "flight speed" placed in the exit of the trunk contention. The animals with higher velocity were considered the worst temperament. The CS, on a scale of 1 to
O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.
RESUMO
Ones of the largest commercial cattle herd in the world, Brazil has its cattle characterized by the use of an extensive system and the predominance of zebu breeds, especially the Nelore and its crosses. In this system the temperament of cattle becomes a problem because of the low human-animal interaction, and bad-tempered animals can cause accidents, increase maintenance costs of facilities and provide poorer quality of the carcass, meat and leather. The aim of this study was to evaluate the temperament of 24 calves Nellore and Guzerath purebreds , with a mean of 235.81 ± 39.95 days of age after submitted into two treatments during the breeding season of the cows. The treatments were: T1 - calves submitted to the management of permanent feeding (PF) and T2 - calves submitted to the management of controlled feeding (CF). Ninety days after the beginning of the breeding season, the CF was interrupted and the calves stayed with their mothers until weaning. The temperament of calves was evaluated in the weaning management through the following methods: escape velocity in meters/second (EV), reactivity test in the contention trunk (RT), crush score (CS) and escape distance (ED). The EV was obtained with the use of the equipment "flight speed" placed in the exit of the trunk contention. The animals with higher velocity were considered the worst temperament. The CS, on a scale of 1 to
O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.
RESUMO
The restricted suckling requires the daily handling of calves and cows for their separation, increasing the frequency of contact with humans. Thus, when subjected to aversive handling procedures such as fire branding, it is expected that these individuals present lower reactivity due to their close intimacy with humans. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of fire branding procedure on the flight speed of calves subjected or not the restricted suckling. We used 70 calves from Nellore, Guzerath purebreds and their crosses, allocated into two treatments: Permanent suckling (PS) - 17 females and 18 males aged 212 (± 33.27) days, remained continuously with their dams and; restricted suckling (RS) - 16 females and 19 males aged 232 (± 42.39) days, daily separated from their dams during the breeding season (90 days of duration). A handling was done (D0) to evaluate the flight speed (FS) of the calves, this handling consisted only of physical restraint on the squeeze chute, followed by the release and recording of the speed (in m/s) at which the animals exited the chute to a pen of the corral. The next day (D1) a second handling was carried out with the same individuals, performing the aversive handling that consisted of physical restraining in the chute, fire branding and, only on females, the application of brucellosis vaccine (according to the IN n.33, 24th August 2007,
O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.
RESUMO
To cope with the changes imposed by high technology in animal production, farmers must be aware of some strategies to overcome the difficulties, however, they have to pay attention to minimize the impact of stress generated by some handling practices on the development of animals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the adaptation of calves to the handling routine of restricted suckling and their effects on calves performance. The breeding season (with 90 days of duration) was carried out for 50 Bos indicus calved cows (Nellore and Guzerath purebreds), and two bulls (Guzerath). The cows and their calves were randomly allocated into two treatments: permanent suckling (PS) cow and calf remained together all the day and; restricted suckling (RS) - they remained together during only 7 hours per day. For the RS group, during the first ten days of the breeding season, the time taken to apart the dyad (TA) was recorded, and was performed a 30 min. behavioral observation, recording the suckling frequency (SF). The thoracic girth was used as indicator of calves development, being measured at the beginning (time 0) and final of breeding season (90 days) The differences of time to apart and suckling frequency over the 10 days of assessment were analyzed by the Friedman test (with Bonferroni correction), followed by linear (for TA) and quadratic regression analysis (for SF). Mann-Whi
O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.
RESUMO
The objective of this study was evaluate the effect of pig fasting time at farm (TJG= 9, 12, 15 or 18 hours) and the pen position into the lorrys livestock compartment (PBO= anterior, middle or rear), deck (PPI= lower or upper) and side (PLA= left or right) on swine and carcass skin bruises occurrence and swine resting behaviour on lairage pens at abattoir. One hundred ninety two females weighing 133.1±10.9 kg from two finishing pig farms were evaluated. A high percentage of pigs with skin bruises were observed at the farm (53.7%), before loading (80.7%), after unloading (91.2%) and before slaughtering (95.8%). Pigs submitted to a TJG of 15 hours presented lower incidence of skin injuries at loading and higher incidence of injuries at downloading and the carcasses had higher incidence of lesions generated by fights when compared to pigs submitted to TGJ of 12 hours. Pigs transported in anterior lorrys compartment had lower incidence of skin damage on carcass due to density that those transported in the middle position. It is concluded that pigs submitted to 15 hours of fasting time at farm present higher incidence of skin bruises. Pigs transported in anterior lorrys compartment had lower incidence of skin damage than pigs hold in middle lorrys compartment. The fasting time at farm had no effect on pigs resting behaviour in abattoir lairage pens. KEY WORDS: Carcass evaluatio
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência do tempo de jejum na granja (TJG= 9, 12, 15 e 18 horas) e da posição do suíno no box da carroceria do caminhão (PBO= anterior, central e posterior), no piso da carroceria (PPI= inferior e superior) e lado (PLA= direito e esquerdo) sobre a ocorrência de lesões nos suínos e nas carcaças e no comportamento dos suínos nas baias de descanso no frigorífico. Utilizaram-se 192 fêmeas de abate com peso de abate de 133,1±10,9 kg oriundas de duas granjas. Verificou-se alta porcentagem de suínos com lesão na pele na granja (53,7%), no embarque (80,7%), no desembarque (91,2%) e ao abate (95,8%). Suínos submetidos a TJG de 15 horas apresentaram menor incidência de lesão de pele no embarque e maior incidência de lesão no desembarque e, na carcaça, maior incidência de lesão originada por briga em relação aos suínos submetidos TJG de 12 horas. Os suínos transportados no box da frente apresentaram menor incidência de lesão por densidade na carcaça em relação aos transportados no meio do caminhão. Conclui-se que suínos submetidos a jejum de 15 horas apresentam maior incidência de lesão na pele. Suínos transportados no box da frente apresentam menor incidência de lesão do que os transportados no meio. O tempo de jejum na granja não apresenta efeito sobre o comportamento dos animais nas baias de descanso do frigorífico.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Avaliação de
RESUMO
The objective of this study was evaluate the effect of pig fasting time at farm (TJG= 9, 12, 15 or 18 hours) and the pen position into the lorrys livestock compartment (PBO= anterior, middle or rear), deck (PPI= lower or upper) and side (PLA= left or right) on swine and carcass skin bruises occurrence and swine resting behaviour on lairage pens at abattoir. One hundred ninety two females weighing 133.1±10.9 kg from two finishing pig farms were evaluated. A high percentage of pigs with skin bruises were observed at the farm (53.7%), before loading (80.7%), after unloading (91.2%) and before slaughtering (95.8%). Pigs submitted to a TJG of 15 hours presented lower incidence of skin injuries at loading and higher incidence of injuries at downloading and the carcasses had higher incidence of lesions generated by fights when compared to pigs submitted to TGJ of 12 hours. Pigs transported in anterior lorrys compartment had lower incidence of skin damage on carcass due to density that those transported in the middle position. It is concluded that pigs submitted to 15 hours of fasting time at farm present higher incidence of skin bruises. Pigs transported in anterior lorrys compartment had lower incidence of skin damage than pigs hold in middle lorrys compartment. The fasting time at farm had no effect on pigs resting behaviour in abattoir lairage pens. KEY WORDS: Carcass evaluatio
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência do tempo de jejum na granja (TJG= 9, 12, 15 e 18 horas) e da posição do suíno no box da carroceria do caminhão (PBO= anterior, central e posterior), no piso da carroceria (PPI= inferior e superior) e lado (PLA= direito e esquerdo) sobre a ocorrência de lesões nos suínos e nas carcaças e no comportamento dos suínos nas baias de descanso no frigorífico. Utilizaram-se 192 fêmeas de abate com peso de abate de 133,1±10,9 kg oriundas de duas granjas. Verificou-se alta porcentagem de suínos com lesão na pele na granja (53,7%), no embarque (80,7%), no desembarque (91,2%) e ao abate (95,8%). Suínos submetidos a TJG de 15 horas apresentaram menor incidência de lesão de pele no embarque e maior incidência de lesão no desembarque e, na carcaça, maior incidência de lesão originada por briga em relação aos suínos submetidos TJG de 12 horas. Os suínos transportados no box da frente apresentaram menor incidência de lesão por densidade na carcaça em relação aos transportados no meio do caminhão. Conclui-se que suínos submetidos a jejum de 15 horas apresentam maior incidência de lesão na pele. Suínos transportados no box da frente apresentam menor incidência de lesão do que os transportados no meio. O tempo de jejum na granja não apresenta efeito sobre o comportamento dos animais nas baias de descanso do frigorífico.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Avaliação de
RESUMO
The aim of the research was to evaluate the effect of pig lairage time (PDF=3, 5, 7 and 9 hours) and evaluate the effect of pig position into the truck (PBO) during transportation to slaughterhouse, in winter or summer conditions, on some physiologic parameters evaluated on 64 heavyweight females with mean liveweight of 130kg during pre-slaughter events. The following effects were considered in the statistical analysis of variance model: block (BL=summer farm or winter farm), PDF, PBO and interaction (Block x PDF), under other factors. The PDF influenced significativelly blood lactate and saliva cortisol levels. Pig submitted to 5 and 7 hours of lairage had higher levels of lactate when compared to pigs submitted to 3 and 9 hours of lairage. During transport the heart rate were higher than in other pre-slaughter events. It is concluded that increasing PDF above 3 hours had no effects on heart frequency, glucose and CPK levels and salivary cortisol levels but affects the blood lactate levels.
O objetivo neste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do período de descanso (3, 5, 7 e 9 horas) dos suínos no frigorífico (PDF) e da localização dos suínos na carroceria do caminhão (PBO), quando transportados, no inverno ou verão, sobre alguns parâmetros fisiológicos avaliados em 64 fêmeas, com peso médio de 130kg para abate, durante o manejo pré-abate. Para a análise estatística, foram considerados, no modelo de análise da variância, os efeitos de bloco, PDF, PBO e da interação (bloco x PDF), entre outros. O PDF influenciou, significativamente, as concentrações de lactato no sangue e cortisol na saliva. Suínos que descansaram 5 e 7 horas apresentaram maior concentração de lactato em relação aos animais que descansaram 3 e 9 horas. No transporte, a freqüência cardíaca foi muito maior em relação aos demais locais avaliados. Concluiu-se que o incremento do PDF não promove mudanças na freqüência cardíaca, nas concentrações de glicose e CPK no sangue e cortisol na saliva, mas interfere na concentração de lactato no sangue dos suínos.
RESUMO
The aim of the research was to evaluate the effect of pig lairage time (PDF=3, 5, 7 and 9 hours) and evaluate the effect of pig position into the truck (PBO) during transportation to slaughterhouse, in winter or summer conditions, on some physiologic parameters evaluated on 64 heavyweight females with mean liveweight of 130kg during pre-slaughter events. The following effects were considered in the statistical analysis of variance model: block (BL=summer farm or winter farm), PDF, PBO and interaction (Block x PDF), under other factors. The PDF influenced significativelly blood lactate and saliva cortisol levels. Pig submitted to 5 and 7 hours of lairage had higher levels of lactate when compared to pigs submitted to 3 and 9 hours of lairage. During transport the heart rate were higher than in other pre-slaughter events. It is concluded that increasing PDF above 3 hours had no effects on heart frequency, glucose and CPK levels and salivary cortisol levels but affects the blood lactate levels.
O objetivo neste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do período de descanso (3, 5, 7 e 9 horas) dos suínos no frigorífico (PDF) e da localização dos suínos na carroceria do caminhão (PBO), quando transportados, no inverno ou verão, sobre alguns parâmetros fisiológicos avaliados em 64 fêmeas, com peso médio de 130kg para abate, durante o manejo pré-abate. Para a análise estatística, foram considerados, no modelo de análise da variância, os efeitos de bloco, PDF, PBO e da interação (bloco x PDF), entre outros. O PDF influenciou, significativamente, as concentrações de lactato no sangue e cortisol na saliva. Suínos que descansaram 5 e 7 horas apresentaram maior concentração de lactato em relação aos animais que descansaram 3 e 9 horas. No transporte, a freqüência cardíaca foi muito maior em relação aos demais locais avaliados. Concluiu-se que o incremento do PDF não promove mudanças na freqüência cardíaca, nas concentrações de glicose e CPK no sangue e cortisol na saliva, mas interfere na concentração de lactato no sangue dos suínos.
RESUMO
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of fasting time on the farm (TJG) and the position of the animals on truck compartment during transport to slaughterhouse in the hormonal and physiological status of heavy-weight swine in order to obtain future management improvements and to reduce meat quality downgrades. Sixty-four females obtained from two farms and averaging 133+11kg body weight were used. Fasting time evaluated on farms were 9, 12, 15 and 18 h while the positions considered in the truck were Box (front, middle, and back), Deck (under and upper level) e Side (right and left). Swine blood concentration of glucose, lactate and CPK were evaluated at slaughter. Cortisol concentration on saliva (CCS) was evaluated on the farm (24 hours before uploading and after loading) and at slaughterhouse (after downloading and before slaughter). Hearth frequency was continuously evaluated during pre-slaughter management. Interaction between TJG and moment of salivary cortisol sampling and heart rate data recording were observed. CCS and heart rate values increased from farm to truck downloading at slaughterhouse, while pre-slaughter resting reduced (P 0.05) the values. The CCS values ranged in a gradient fashion in function of TJG and moment of salivary cortisol sampling in the following manner: pigs submitted to 18 hours of fasting showed smallest changes (P 0.05) of CCS during the pre-slaughter management when compared with CCS of pigs submitted to lower fasting times and, between those, the animals with 9 hours of fasting showed the greatest (P 0.05) variations. Before slaughter swine submitted to 9 hours of fasting at farm presented the highest values (P 0.05) of CCS when compared with the other fasting times evaluated. It is concluded that pre-slaughter management conditions affect (P 0.05) the salivary cortisol levels and heart rate but the evaluated TJG had no effects (P>0.05) on glucose, lactate and CPK levels at slaughter time.
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o tempo de jejum na granja e a posição dos animais na carroceria do caminhão durante o transporte ao abatedouro sobre o status hormonal e fisiológico de suínos de abate pesados visando obter melhorias no manejo pré-abate e reduzir perdas na qualidade de carne. Foram utilizadas 64 fêmeas com peso médio de 133+11kg, oriundas de duas granjas de terminação. Os tempos de jejum avaliados foram nove, 12, 15 e 18h, enquanto que as posições consideradas na carroceria foram box (frente, meio e atrás), piso (inferior e superior) e lado (lateral direita e esquerda). Ao abate, foram medidos os níveis de glicose, lactato e CPK no sangue. A concentração de cortisol na saliva (CCS) foi medida nas granjas (24 horas antes e após embarque) e no abatedouro (logo após o descarregamento e antes do abate). A freqüência cardíaca foi monitorada durante todo o manejo pré-abate. Foi observado o efeito da interação entre TJG e o local de avaliação sobre a CCS e a freqüência cardíaca. A CCS e a freqüência cardíaca aumentaram significativamente da granja ao desembarque no abatedouro em relação ao descanso pré-abate no abatedouro foi observada uma redução (P 0,05) nos valores. A CCS variou em função do TJG e o local de avaliação da seguinte maneira: suínos com 18 horas de jejum apresentaram menor (P 0,05) variação na CCS durante o transcorrer das diferentes etapas do manejo pré-abate do que suínos com TJG menores e, entre estes, os animais com TJG de nove horas apresentaram a maior (P 0,05) variação. Antes do abate, os suínos com TJG de nove horas apresentaram o maior valor (P 0,05) de CCS quando comparados aos outros TJG. Conclui-se que o TJG promove mudanças (P 0,05) nos valores do cortisol na saliva e na freqüência cardíaca no manejo pré-abate, mas não afetam (P>0,05) os níveis de glicose, lactato e CPK no abate dos suínos.
RESUMO
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of fasting time on the farm (TJG) and the position of the animals on truck compartment during transport to slaughterhouse in the hormonal and physiological status of heavy-weight swine in order to obtain future management improvements and to reduce meat quality downgrades. Sixty-four females obtained from two farms and averaging 133+11kg body weight were used. Fasting time evaluated on farms were 9, 12, 15 and 18 h while the positions considered in the truck were Box (front, middle, and back), Deck (under and upper level) e Side (right and left). Swine blood concentration of glucose, lactate and CPK were evaluated at slaughter. Cortisol concentration on saliva (CCS) was evaluated on the farm (24 hours before uploading and after loading) and at slaughterhouse (after downloading and before slaughter). Hearth frequency was continuously evaluated during pre-slaughter management. Interaction between TJG and moment of salivary cortisol sampling and heart rate data recording were observed. CCS and heart rate values increased from farm to truck downloading at slaughterhouse, while pre-slaughter resting reduced (P 0.05) the values. The CCS values ranged in a gradient fashion in function of TJG and moment of salivary cortisol sampling in the following manner: pigs submitted to 18 hours of fasting showed smallest changes (P 0.05) of CCS during the pre-slaughter management when compared with CCS of pigs submitted to lower fasting times and, between those, the animals with 9 hours of fasting showed the greatest (P 0.05) variations. Before slaughter swine submitted to 9 hours of fasting at farm presented the highest values (P 0.05) of CCS when compared with the other fasting times evaluated. It is concluded that pre-slaughter management conditions affect (P 0.05) the salivary cortisol levels and heart rate but the evaluated TJG had no effects (P>0.05) on glucose, lactate and CPK levels at slaughter time.
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o tempo de jejum na granja e a posição dos animais na carroceria do caminhão durante o transporte ao abatedouro sobre o status hormonal e fisiológico de suínos de abate pesados visando obter melhorias no manejo pré-abate e reduzir perdas na qualidade de carne. Foram utilizadas 64 fêmeas com peso médio de 133+11kg, oriundas de duas granjas de terminação. Os tempos de jejum avaliados foram nove, 12, 15 e 18h, enquanto que as posições consideradas na carroceria foram box (frente, meio e atrás), piso (inferior e superior) e lado (lateral direita e esquerda). Ao abate, foram medidos os níveis de glicose, lactato e CPK no sangue. A concentração de cortisol na saliva (CCS) foi medida nas granjas (24 horas antes e após embarque) e no abatedouro (logo após o descarregamento e antes do abate). A freqüência cardíaca foi monitorada durante todo o manejo pré-abate. Foi observado o efeito da interação entre TJG e o local de avaliação sobre a CCS e a freqüência cardíaca. A CCS e a freqüência cardíaca aumentaram significativamente da granja ao desembarque no abatedouro em relação ao descanso pré-abate no abatedouro foi observada uma redução (P 0,05) nos valores. A CCS variou em função do TJG e o local de avaliação da seguinte maneira: suínos com 18 horas de jejum apresentaram menor (P 0,05) variação na CCS durante o transcorrer das diferentes etapas do manejo pré-abate do que suínos com TJG menores e, entre estes, os animais com TJG de nove horas apresentaram a maior (P 0,05) variação. Antes do abate, os suínos com TJG de nove horas apresentaram o maior valor (P 0,05) de CCS quando comparados aos outros TJG. Conclui-se que o TJG promove mudanças (P 0,05) nos valores do cortisol na saliva e na freqüência cardíaca no manejo pré-abate, mas não afetam (P>0,05) os níveis de glicose, lactato e CPK no abate dos suínos.
RESUMO
Pre-slaughter events might result in qualitative and quantitative losses on pig carcasses in inadequate management conditions. This study was aimed at evaluating the resting time at the processing plant (PDF= 3, 5, 7, and 9 hours) and the pen position in the lorry's livestock compartment (PBO) on body weight loss (PPC), weight of stomach (full= PEC and empty= PEV), weight of stomach contents (PCE) and stomach lesion score (ELG) related to gastric ulcer. For this study, 192 females with average body weight of 130.0±9.9kg were used. The following effects were considered in the statistical analysis: block (season of the year), PDF, PBO and the interaction between block and PDF. There was no significant effect of PDF on the evaluated variables. For PBO, a significant effect was observed on body weight loss, with pigs transported in the frontal pens losing more body weight than those transported in middle and back pens. Eleven percent of the animals showed ELG characterizing gastric ulcer, while a high percentage of the pigs (41.9%) showed ELG grade 1, which characterizes paracheratosis. It is concluded that pigs transported in the frontal pens of the lorry's livestock compartment do have higher body weight losses, and that increasing the resting time at the processing plant from 3 to 9 hours does not impact body weight losses or the incidence of gastric ulcer.
O manejo pré-abate dos suínos, quando realizado de maneira inadequada, pode proporcionar perdas qualitativas e quantitativas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do período de descanso dos suínos no frigorífico (PDF) (3, 5, 7 e 9 horas) e da posição do box na carroceria do caminhão (PBO) sobre a perda de peso corporal (PPC), o peso do estômago cheio (PEC) e vazio (PEV), o peso do conteúdo estomacal (PCE) e o escore de lesão na mucosa esofágica-gástrica (ELG). Foram utilizadas 192 fêmeas, com peso vivo médio de 130,0±9,9kg. Para a análise estatística, considerou-se no modelo os efeitos de bloco (BL), relativo à estação do ano e à granja avaliada o PDF, PBO e a interação entre PDF x BL. Não houve efeito significativo do PDF nas variáveis estudadas. Verificou-se efeito significativo da PBO somente sobre a perda de peso corporal dos suínos, sendo que animais transportados na parte da frente perderam mais peso em relação aos transportados nos boxes do meio e de trás. Observou-se que somente 11% dos suínos apresentaram ELG característico de úlcera gástrica e que uma elevada porcentagem de suínos (41,9%) apresentou ELG grau 1, caracterizando paraqueratose. Conclui-se que suínos transportados em boxes localizados na parte frontal da carroceria do caminhão apresentam maior perda de peso corporal do que os demais e que a variação de 3 a 9 horas no período de descanso no frigorífico não afeta a perda de peso corporal nem as características do estômago dos animais.
RESUMO
Pre-slaughter events might result in qualitative and quantitative losses on pig carcasses in inadequate management conditions. This study was aimed at evaluating the resting time at the processing plant (PDF= 3, 5, 7, and 9 hours) and the pen position in the lorry's livestock compartment (PBO) on body weight loss (PPC), weight of stomach (full= PEC and empty= PEV), weight of stomach contents (PCE) and stomach lesion score (ELG) related to gastric ulcer. For this study, 192 females with average body weight of 130.0±9.9kg were used. The following effects were considered in the statistical analysis: block (season of the year), PDF, PBO and the interaction between block and PDF. There was no significant effect of PDF on the evaluated variables. For PBO, a significant effect was observed on body weight loss, with pigs transported in the frontal pens losing more body weight than those transported in middle and back pens. Eleven percent of the animals showed ELG characterizing gastric ulcer, while a high percentage of the pigs (41.9%) showed ELG grade 1, which characterizes paracheratosis. It is concluded that pigs transported in the frontal pens of the lorry's livestock compartment do have higher body weight losses, and that increasing the resting time at the processing plant from 3 to 9 hours does not impact body weight losses or the incidence of gastric ulcer.
O manejo pré-abate dos suínos, quando realizado de maneira inadequada, pode proporcionar perdas qualitativas e quantitativas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do período de descanso dos suínos no frigorífico (PDF) (3, 5, 7 e 9 horas) e da posição do box na carroceria do caminhão (PBO) sobre a perda de peso corporal (PPC), o peso do estômago cheio (PEC) e vazio (PEV), o peso do conteúdo estomacal (PCE) e o escore de lesão na mucosa esofágica-gástrica (ELG). Foram utilizadas 192 fêmeas, com peso vivo médio de 130,0±9,9kg. Para a análise estatística, considerou-se no modelo os efeitos de bloco (BL), relativo à estação do ano e à granja avaliada o PDF, PBO e a interação entre PDF x BL. Não houve efeito significativo do PDF nas variáveis estudadas. Verificou-se efeito significativo da PBO somente sobre a perda de peso corporal dos suínos, sendo que animais transportados na parte da frente perderam mais peso em relação aos transportados nos boxes do meio e de trás. Observou-se que somente 11% dos suínos apresentaram ELG característico de úlcera gástrica e que uma elevada porcentagem de suínos (41,9%) apresentou ELG grau 1, caracterizando paraqueratose. Conclui-se que suínos transportados em boxes localizados na parte frontal da carroceria do caminhão apresentam maior perda de peso corporal do que os demais e que a variação de 3 a 9 horas no período de descanso no frigorífico não afeta a perda de peso corporal nem as características do estômago dos animais.