Acute psychosis in a 35-year-old woman. Could it be related to a previous COVID-19 infection? A case report. / Ostra psychoza u 35-letniej kobiety. Czy moze byc zwiazana z wczesniejsza infekcja COVID-19? Opis przypadku.

The SARS-CoV-2 virus is the cause of the COVID-19 disease. Infection can take a wide variety of forms, from asymptomatic to severe, with numerous complications that can even lead to death. Since the beginning of the pandemic, numerous studies have been carried out to find out the exact expression of the virus. COVID-19 infection also increases the risk of developing neuropsychiatric symptoms, including psychosis. The paper presents the case of a 35-year-old woman with no prior psychiatric interview who developed acute psychosis after being infected with COVID-19. She was treated in the standard way: haloperidol, lorazepam and diazepam. The symptoms disappeared quickly. At the moment, the long-term consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection are not known, therefore further observation and research in this direction is necessary. Treatment, as shown in this case report, appears to be supportive and symptomatic. The optimal antiviral treatment has yet to be clearly defined, and research into the best treatment for the virus itself is still ongoing.

Risk Modifying Factors of Anxiety and Depressive Disorders, Using the Example of a Population Study in the Zywiec District.

The aim of this study was the identification of the risk modifying factors of anxiety and depressive disorders based on a population study. This study was conducted in a randomly selected group of 1659 adult inhabitants of the Zywiec district. Anonymous questionnaires consisting of a proprietary questionnaire and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) were used to collect the data. The conducted analysis revealed that the factors increasing the risk of depressive disorders in the studied population were female gender, age over 60, retirement period, primary and vocational education, unemployment, mental work and absolute lack of physical activity, but also daily and intensive sports, heavy smoking, chronic somatic diseases and misuse of sleeping pills and over-the-counter sedatives. Anxiety disorders occurred more often in the group of unemployed, self-employed or retired people. They also occurred more often in the group of people who do not perform any physical activity and use alcohol every day, but also among those who maintain abstinence, regularly smoke tobacco and use stimulants, suffer from somatic diseases and overuse sleeping drugs. Disease preventive factors for anxiety disorders and depression were a constant form of employment, moderate and regular physical activity, avoiding the use of psychoactive substances and the regular treatment of comorbid somatic diseases and insomnia.

Relationship between overweight, obesity and sleep disorders in adolescents from selected cities of Upper Silesia, Poland.

INTRODUCTION: Overweight and obesity affect an increasing number of children and adolescents in Poland. This excessive body weight usually coexists with sleep disorders and other afflictions, which is worrisome. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of overweight, obesity, and sleep disorders among adolescents and demonstrate their relationships. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 1,002 students. Nutritional habits and subjective assessment of sleep were evaluated with the author's survey; daytime sleepiness and sleep quality were assessed with Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and Sleep Quality Scale (SQS). Statistical calculations were performed with the STATISTICA 12.0 programme. RESULTS: 24.7% of adolescents suffered from overweight or obesity, 38% reported sleep problems in subjective assessment, 10.5% exhibited excessive daytime sleepiness, determined by ESS, and 14.3% had impaired quality of sleep as determined by SQS. Gender affected all the discussed problems. Type of school affected all the above, except for daytime sleepiness. In the group with overweight and obesity, 46.6% of individuals reported sleep problems in subjective assessment. About 59.1% of adolescents reported chronic fatigue. Reduced concentration and difficulties in learning were reported in 36.3% of all students, and in 46% of students with overweight and obesity. CONCLUSIONS: The problem of excess body weight is a very alarming phenomenon since it affects almost 1/4 of the students. Almost half of the students with overweight and obesity reported sleep problems, which is strongly correlated with the type of school. Furthermore, excess body weight influenced the prevalence of reduced concentration and learning difficulties among adolescents.

Evaluation of knowledge regarding shaken baby syndrome among parents and medical staff.

BACKGROUND: Shaken baby syndrome (SBS), currently functioning as abusive head trauma (AHT), is a form of violence against children mainly under 2 years of age. The number of SBS might be underestimated, as many cases of violence remain unreported. The aim of the study was the evaluation of the state knowledge of the SBS phenomenon, its scale and diagnostic methods among parents, medical staff and medical students. METHODS: A total of 639 people were examined: 39% of parents, 32.5% of medical staff members, and 28.5% of medical students; 82% were women. The average age was 34.9±9.78 years, and 70% of them had children. The research tool was an anonymous survey. The 34 questions concerned numerous aspects of violence against children as well as knowledge about SBS. RESULTS: According to 90% of the interviewees shaking a baby may be dangerous but 43% have never heard about shaken baby syndrome. Eighty-eight percent of responders stated that "SBS is a form of violence," but only 57% realize that one-time shaking can lead to death and only 19% indicated men as aggressors. Sixteen percent of medical staff members did not know how long it takes for the consequences of shaking a baby to be revealed. CONCLUSIONS: Majority of the medical staff members working with children have never heard about SBS. Only half of the surveyed understands the connection of shaking with vision loss or child's death. Among the long-term consequences of shaking a baby, the greatest knowledge concerns emotional consequences of shaking.

Nutrition behaviours and the occurrence of depressive symptoms among the students in the institutions of higher education in Silesia (Poland)

Background: Depressive symptoms may appear at any age, yet they are most likely to be observed among young people aged 20-30. According to numerous scientific records, a properly balanced diet may prevent depression or enhance a therapeutical process. Objective: The aim of the study was the assessment of nutrition behaviours and prevalence of depressive symptoms among the students, as well as investigation whereas there is a connection between these variables and the sexes of the examined group. Furthermore, the aim was to determine, whether there is a relation between proper nutrition behaviours and an intensification of depressive symptoms. Material and methods: The research was conducted on a group of 959 students. In order to collect that data on nutrition behaviours an original anonymous questionnaire was used. In order to collect the data on a depressive symptoms occurrence Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) was used. Results: Recommended number of meals was taken by 54.95% of students, including 59.20% of women and 48.56% of men. Only 6.25% of students, including 6.94% of women and 5.22% of men, ate a recommended number of 5 or more portions of fruit and vegetables. 11.16% of students, including 10.94% of women and 11.49% of men, drank at least 2 glasses of milk or dairy fermented products. 22.84% of students presented depressive symptoms. 11.57% of the examined people suffered from mild depression, 7.1% - of moderate depression and 4.17% ­ of a severe one. Conclusions: It was found that there are relations between nutrition behaviours and sexes of the examined people. Women tend to present more beneficial behaviours. Almost every fourth student presented depressive symptoms ­ an intensification of the symptoms was more frequent among women. A growth in the rate of proper nutrition behaviours was connected with a drop in the depressive symptoms.

Diseases of the oral cavity in light of the newest epigenetic research: Possible implications for stomatology.

Epigenetics is the study of inheritable changes in gene expression without changes in the underlying deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequence. The main mechanisms of epigenetic regulation include DNA methylation, modifications in histones, and micro-ribonucleic acids (miRNA). Recent research evidence has shown that environmental and lifestyle factors dynamically interact with the genome, influencing epigenetic changes, from development to the later stages of life. This happens across a spectrum, from physiological to pathological conditions, such as genetic defects, developmental disorders, infectious or inflammatory processes, cancers, mental disorders, and substance abuse. Epigenetic studies have been conducted in various medical disciplines (e.g., oncology, internal medicine or psychiatry), adding valuable insight to standard medical approaches. However, in stomatology, epigenetic research is still in its infancy; thus, this review is aimed at presenting the role of epigenetic mechanisms in diseases of the oral cavity, including periodontal diseases, caries, developmental anomalies, and oral carcinoma. In addition, this paper reveals new insights into epigenetic biomarkers that can be helpful in the detection, early diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of different oral diseases. Moreover, this review is focused on the possible clinical implications (diagnostic and therapeutic) of epigenetics, in the form of some noninvasive methods that can possibly be used in the future for the screening, work-up, outcome prediction and novel treatments of some dental diseases. Finally, this paper highlights that an epigenetic approach can be useful for designing novel interventions that will improve the management of oral malignancies or developmental abnormalities.

Polypharmacy as a risk factor for depressive symptoms in geriatric patients: an observational, cross-sectional study / La polifarmacia como un factor de riesgo para síntomas depresivos en pacientes geriátricos: un estudio observacional transversal

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between polypharmacy and depressive symptoms in hospitalized adults aged over 65 years. Patients and methods: We obtained medical history and current treatment data from clinical records. We used the Abbreviated Mental Test Score (AMTS) to exclude patients with dementia. The Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) was used assess depressive symptoms. Pearson and Spearman coefficients were used to determine the relationship between variables. Results: A total of 206 individuals were included. The average number of medications taken by the individuals was 6.9 ± 2.7 and the average GDS score was 4.9 ± 3.4 points. Depressive symptoms (GDS score >5 points) were observed in 68 (33.0%) individuals. GDS score positively correlated with the number of medications used (R = 0.74; P = 0.0001), the number of chronic conditions (R = 0.78; P = 0.001), and pain complaints (Z = 7.94; P = 0.0001). A significant association between GDS score and the use of the following medications was observed: statins, cytostatic agents, corticosteroids, benzodiazepines, cardiac glycosides, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, muscle relaxants, non-psychotropic drugs with anticholinergic properties, and centrally acting analgesics (all P < 0.05). Conclusions: Our study indicates that polypharmacy is positively correlated with the presence of depressive symptoms in geriatric patients. We identified a number of medications associated with a higher prevalence of depressive symptoms, however these relationships require further examination

Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio es investigar la correlación entre la polifarmacia y los síntomas depresivos en adultos hospitalizados mayores de 65 años. Pacientes y métodos: Se obtuvo la historia clínica y los datos actuales de tratamiento de las historias clínicas. Se utilizó la puntuación de la prueba Mental Abreviado (AMTS) para excluir a los pacientes con demencia. La Escala de Depresión Geriátrica (GDS) se utilizó para evaluar los síntomas depresivos. Se usaron coeficientes Pearson y Spearman para determinar la relación entre las variables. Resultados: Se incluyó a un total de 206 individuos. El número medio de medicamentos tomados por los individuos fue de 6,9 ± 2,7 y la puntuación media GDS fue de 4,9 ± 3,4 puntos. Los síntomas de depresión (GDS puntuación> 5 puntos) se observaron en 68 (33,0%) individuos. La puntuación GDS de una correlación positiva con el número de medicamentos que se usaron (R = 0,74; P = 0,0001), el número de condiciones crónicas (R = 0,78; P = 0,001), y quejas de dolor (Z = 7,94; P = 0,0001). Se observó una asociación significativa entre la partitura GDS y el uso de los siguientes medicamentos: estatinas, agentes citostáticos, corticoesteroides, benzodiazepinas, glucósidos cardíacos, los fármacos no esteroides antiinflamatorios, relajantes musculares, medicamentos sin psicotrópicas con propiedades anticolinérgicas, y de acción central analgésicos (todos P <0,05). Conclusiones: Nuestro estudio indica que la polifarmacia se correlaciona positivamente con la presencia de síntomas depresivos en pacientes geriátricos. Se identificó una serie de medicamentos asociados con una mayor prevalencia de síntomas depresivos, sin embargo, estas relaciones requieren un examen más detenido