Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system is a rare and possibly underdiagnosed disorder.

METHODS: Series of cases collected from Brazilian centers. RESULTS: We studied 13 cases of patients presenting with progressive histories of neurological dysfunction caused by SS-CNS. The most frequent clinical findings in these patients were progressive gait ataxia, hearing loss, hyperreflexia and cognitive dysfunction. The diagnoses of SS-CNS were made seven months to 30 years after the disease onset. CONCLUSION: SS-CNS is a rare disease that may remain undiagnosed for long periods. Awareness of this condition is essential for the clinician.

Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system is a rare and possibly underdiagnosed disorder / Siderose superficial do sistema nervoso central é uma doença rara e possivelmente subdiagnosticada

ABSTRACT Superficial siderosis (SS) of the central nervous system (CNS) is a rare and possibly underdiagnosed disorder resulting from chronic or intermittent bleeding into the subarachnoid space, leading to deposition of blood products in the subpial layers of the meninges. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) shows a characteristic curvilinear pattern of hypointensity on its blood-sensitive sequences. Methods Series of cases collected from Brazilian centers. Results We studied 13 cases of patients presenting with progressive histories of neurological dysfunction caused by SS-CNS. The most frequent clinical findings in these patients were progressive gait ataxia, hearing loss, hyperreflexia and cognitive dysfunction. The diagnoses of SS-CNS were made seven months to 30 years after the disease onset. Conclusion SS-CNS is a rare disease that may remain undiagnosed for long periods. Awareness of this condition is essential for the clinician.

RESUMO Siderose superficial (SS) do sistema nervoso central (SNC) é uma doença rara e provavelmente subdiagnosticada, resultante de sangramento crônico no espaço subaracnóide, levando ao depósito de produtos sanguíneos nas camadas meníngeas subpiais. Ressonância magnética (RM) mostra um padrão curvilíneo característico com hipointensidade nas suas sequências sensíveis a sangue. Métodos Série de casos coletados de centros brasileiros. Resultados Apresentamos 13 casos de pacientes com história progressiva de disfunção neurológica causada por SS-SNC. Os achados clínicos mais frequentes destes pacientes foram ataxia progressiva da marcha, perda auditiva, hiperreflexia e disfunção cognitiva. O diagnóstico de SS-SNC foi firmado de sete meses a 30 anos após o início da doença. Conclusão SS-SNC é uma condição rara que pode permanecer sem diagnóstico por longos períodos. O conhecimento desta entidade é essencial ao clínico.

Tomografia computadorizada das células etmoidais intra e extramurais: ensaio iconográfico / Computed tomography of intra- and extramural ethmoid cells: iconographic essay

O desenvolvimento dos seios paranasais é um processo intricado que se inicia na vida intrauterina e termina na idade adulta. Dos seios da face, as células etmoidais são provavelmente as estruturas mais complexas e as que estão associadas com o maior número de variantes da normalidade. Variações no padrão de pneumatização das células etmoidais podem ser divididas em intra ou extramurais. Intramurais são aquelas que ao se desenvolverem mantêm contato com o labirinto etmoidal, e extramurais as que se desenvolvem isoladamente. A tomografia computadorizada é a ferramenta mais útil na avaliação de processos inflamatórios dos seios paranasais. De igual modo, ela é importante para o planejamento pré-operatório e controle pós-operatório, pois possibilita grande detalhe anatômico das estruturas normais e detecção precisa de suas variantes. Neste ensaio iconográfico os autores descrevem as principais variantes da normalidade do labirinto etmoidal e suas relações com estruturas adjacentes. Cirurgias endoscópicas para o tratamento de afecções dos seios paranasais têm-se tornado cada vez menos invasivas, o que certamente aumentará a demanda por relatórios de imagem cada vez mais ricos em detalhes desta região.

The development of the paranasal sinuses is an intricate process that begins in the intrauterine life and terminates in early adulthood. Among the paranasal sinuses, the ethmoid cells or labyrinth are probably the most complex structures, being associated with the highest number of normal variants. Variations in the pattern of pneumatization of the ethmoid cells can be divided into intra- and extramural cells. Intramural cells are those which develop within the ethmoid labyrinth. Extramural cells are those that develop isolatedly. Computed tomography is the most useful tool in the evaluation of inflammatory processes of the paranasal sinuses. Computed tomography also plays a relevant role in the preoperative planning as well as in the postoperative follow-up, since it demonstrates exact anatomical details of normal structures with accuracy in the detection of variants. In the present pictorial essay, the authors describe the most common anatomical variants of the ethmoid labyrinth and their relationship with adjacent structures. Endoscopic sinonasal surgery has become increasingly less invasive, requiring more detailed anatomical imaging of this region.

Sinais em neurorradiologia: parte 1 / Signs in neuroradiology: part 1

O uso de sinais ou analogias na interpretação de imagens na radiologia médica é prática comum e antiga entre os radiologistas. Comparação entre achados de imagem com animais, alimentos ou objetos se faz de modo natural. Muitos sinais são bastante específicos e em alguns casos patognomônicos. Independentemente do grau de especificidade, sinais auxiliam a prática radiológica. Vários sinais já foram descritos em neurorradiologia. Neste artigo os autores demonstrarão 15 sinais neurorradiológicos. Serão abordados as principais características de cada um, a sua importância na prática clínica e os seus achados de imagem.

The use of signs or analogies for interpretation and description of medical images is an old and common practice among radiologists. Comparison of findings with animals, food or objects is not unprecedented and routinely performed. Many signs are quite specific and, in some cases, pathognomonic. Indeed, notwithstanding their degree of specificity, signs may help in the characterization of certain diseases. Several neuroradiological signs have been already described. The authors will present 15 neuroradiology signs in the present essay, approaching their main characteristics, the significance of their role in the clinical practice, as well as their respective imaging findings.

Sinais em neurorradiologia: parte 2 / Signs in neuroradiology: part 2

O uso de sinais na interpretação de imagens na neurorradiologia é extremamente útil. Muitos sinais são bastante específicos e em alguns casos, patognomônicos. Nesta segunda parte os autores descreverão 15 sinais neurorradiológicos adicionais. Serão novamente abordadas as principais características de imagem de cada um e sua importância na prática clínica.

The use of signs for interpretation of images in neuroradiology is extremely useful. Some signs are quite specific and, in some cases, pathognomonic. In this second part of their essay, the authors describe 15 additional neuroradiological signs. Main characteristics of imaging findings will be approached and the significance of their role in the clinical practice will be discussed.

High-resolution computed tomography findings in hantavirus pulmonary syndrome.

The hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is an acute, rapidly progressive disease transmitted by rodent excreta, with endothelial damage playing a central role in the pathophysiology. It usually affects rural workers. The lung itself is the target organ and reflects all the patterns of endothelial involvement of this disease. The radiologic findings of HPS are vast and range from a mild interstitial involvement to total obliteration of the airspaces with or without pleural effusion. There are no specific findings on high-resolution computed tomography in HPS; nevertheless, findings of thickening of interlobular septa, ground-glass opacities, and occasionally small ill-defined nodular opacities have been described. The authors report a fulminant case of HPS and discuss its varied high-resolution computed tomography findings. To our knowledge, the "crazy-paving" pattern has not been seen previously in such cases.

Chronic myelopathy associated to intramedullary cysticercosis.

STUDY DESIGN: Case report. OBJECTIVE: Discuss an isolated intramedullary neurocysticercosis (NCC) case in an adult patient with chronic progressive onset myelopathic symptomatology with clinical, radiologic, and pathologic correlation. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: NCC is the most common parasitic infection in the central nervous system. Spinal NCC belongs to the group of extraparenchymal forms of NCC and it is considered an extremely rare form characterized by a distinct clinical entity due to mass effect on the spinal cord. METHODS: Description of a 62-year-old male patient case who presented with chronic but progressive low cord myelopathy who underwent radiologic investigation through magnetic resonance imaging depicting a thoracic intramedullary cystic lesion at level T11. RESULTS: Surgical excision of the intramedullary lesion was preformed and pathologic study confirmed a cysticercus. There was complete resolution of the neurologic symptoms and follow-up monitoring was unremarkable. CONCLUSION: Although intramedullary is a rare NCC location, it should be considered in the differential diagnosis in high-risk populations especially when cord compression and myelopathy symptoms are present. Magnetic resonance imaging remains the investigative and follow-up modality of choice, and promptly lesion recognition is fundamental for surgical planning and to improve the patient outcome.