[Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the new oral anticoagulants dabigatran and rivaroxaban]. / Farmacocinética y farmacodinamia de los nuevos anticoagulantes orales.

Dabigatran is the first available oral direct thrombin inhibitor anticoagulant. Absorption of the prodrug, dabigatran etexilate and its conversion to dabigatran is rapid (peak plasma concentrations are reached 4-6 hours following surgery, and a further 2 hours later). Its oral bioavailability is low, but shows reduced interindividual variability. Dabigatran specifically and reversibly inhibits thrombin, the key enzyme in the coagulation cascade. Studies both in healthy volunteers and in patients undergoing major orthopaedic surgery show a predictable pk/pd profile that allows for fixed-dose regimens. The anticoagulant effect correlates adequately with the plasma concentrations of the drug, demonstrating effective anticoagulation combined with a low risk of bleeding. Dabigatran is mainly eliminated by renal excretion (a fact which affects the dosage in elderly and in moderate-severe renal failure patients), and no hepatic metabolism by cytochrome P450 isoenzymes has been observed, showing a good interaction profile. Rivaroxaban will probably be the first available oral factor Xa (FXa) direct inhibitor anticoagulant drug. It produces a reversible and predictable inhibition of FXa activity with potential to inhibit clot-bound FXa. Its pharmacokinetic characteristics include rapid absorption, high oral availability, high plasma protein binding and a half-life of aprox. 8 hours. Rivaroxaban elimination is mainly renal, but also through faecal matter and by hepatic metabolism. Although the drug has demonstrated moderate potential to interact with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors, it does not inhibit or induce any major CYP450 enzyme.

Farmacocinética y farmacodinamia de los nuevos anticoagulantes orales / Dabigatran and rivaroxaban, new oral anticoagulants for the treatment of venous thromboembolism

Dabigatran es el primer anticoagulante inhibidor directo de la trombina disponible por vía oral. La absorción del profármaco dabigatran etexilato y su conversión a dabigatran es rápida (concentraciones máximas de 4-6 h tras cirugía y 2 h posteriormente) y, pese a la baja biodisponibilidad oral, presenta escasa variabilidad entre individuos. Inhibe específica y reversiblemente la trombina, la enzima llave de la cascada de la coagulación. Los estudios tanto en voluntarios sanos como en pacientes sometidos a cirugía ortopédica mayor muestran un perfil pk/pd predecible, lo que permite regímenes fijos de dosificación. El efecto anticoagulante se correlaciona bien con las concentraciones plasmáticas del fármaco, lo que aúna una efectiva anticoagulación con un bajo riesgo de hemorragia. La excreción es mayoritariamente renal (lo que condiciona su dosificación en pacientes ancianos y con insuficiencia renal), y no sufre metabolismo hepático por el sistema del citocromo P450, por lo que presenta un perfil de fármaco sin grandes problemas de interacción con otros medicamentos. Rivaroxaban será probablemente el primer fármaco anticoagulante oral inhibidor directo del factor Xa (FXa) disponible. Produce una inhibición reversible y predecible de la actividad del FXa con capacidad de inhibir el FXa ligado al coágulo. Sus características farmacocinéticas incluyen rápida absorción, con elevadas biodisponibilidad y unión a proteínas plasmáticas y semivida de eliminación de, aproximadamente, 8 h. La eliminación es de tipo dual, renal (mayoritaria) y biliar. Aunque ha demostrado tener un potencial moderado de interacción con inhibidores fuertes del citocromo P450-A4, no parece inhibir ni inducir ninguna enzima P450 (AU)

Dabigatran is the first available oral direct thrombin inhibitor anticoagulant. Absorption of the prodrug, dabigatran etexilate and its conversion to dabigatran is rapid (peak plasma concentrations are reached 4-6 hours following surgery, and a further 2 hours later). Its oral bioavailability is low, but shows reduced interindividual variability. Dabigatran specifically and reversibly inhibits thrombin, the key enzyme in the coagulation cascade. Studies both in healthy volunteers and in patients undergoing major orthopaedic surgery show a predictable pk/pd profile that allows for fixed-dose regimens. The anticoagulant effect correlates adequately with the plasma concentrations of the drug, demonstrating effective anticoagulation combined with a low risk of bleeding. Dabigatran is mainly eliminated by renal excretion (a fact which affects the dosage in elderly and in moderate-severe renal failure patients), and no hepatic metabolism by cytochrome P450 isoenzymes has been observed, showing a good interaction profile. Rivaroxaban will probably be the first available oral factor Xa (FXa) direct inhibitor anticoagulant drug. It produces a reversible and predictable inhibition of FXa activity with potential to inhibit clot-bound FXa. Its pharmacokinetic characteristics include rapid absorption, high oral availability, high plasma protein binding and a half-life of aprox. 8 hours. Rivaroxaban elimination is mainly renal, but also through faecal matter and by hepatic metabolism. Although the drug has demonstrated moderate potential to interact with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors, it does not inhibit or induce any major CYP450 enzyme (AU)

Multilocus microsatellite typing for Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii.

Fifteen randomly selected microsatellites (simple sequence repeats; SSRs), from the H99 Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii (serotype A) genome, were sequenced, characterized and applied to sequence 87 clinical and environmental C. neoformans var. grubii isolates from 12 different countries based on Multilocus Microsatellite Typing (MLMT). Among the 15 SSR loci, three (designated CNG1, CNG2 and CNG3) were polymorphic, while the remaining 12 SSR loci showed no variations. The specific PCR primers of the polymorphic microsatellites, i.e., CNG1, CNG2 and CNG3, amplified those loci only from strains of C. neoformans (C. neoformans var. grubii, C. neoformans var. neoformans and the AD hybrid) but not from Cryptococcus gattii, suggesting a species-specific association. The three polymorphic microsatellites are useful markers for strain genotyping, population genetic analysis, epidemiological studies, and may be helpful for the diagnosis of cryptococcosis due to C. neoformans.