RESUMO
The hypothalamic-neurohypophyseal systemoffers an ideal model to study the processes ofnerve degeneration/regeneration after lesionscaused by cutting the hypophyseal stalk, orhypophysectomy. Additionally, the magnocellularneurons comprising it contain nitricoxide, and its enzyme, neural nitric oxide synthase,shows important variations in functionalalterations of the hypothalamic-neurohypophysealsystem. Currently, there is still some controversyas regards whether nitric oxide exertsneurodegenerative or neuroprotective effects inthe nervous system. Here we performed a quantitativeand qualitative study of the variationsin the neuronal activity of nitric oxide synthase,using immunohistochemistry, and of itsmRNA, by in situ hybridization, in the magnocellularneurons of the supraoptic nucleus of thehypothalamus of hypophysectomised rats withsurvival periods of 10-30 days. Our morphologicaland morphometric results and thosepertaining to neuronal quantification and opticaldensity point to a neuroprotective effect ofnitric oxide on magnocellular neurons duringthe regenerative process of the supraopticnucleus that occurs after hypophysectomy (AU)
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Assuntos
Animais , Ratos , Neurônios , Neurônios/patologia , Óxido Nítrico/efeitos adversos , Hipotálamo Anterior , Hipotálamo Anterior/lesões , Imuno-Histoquímica/métodos , Núcleo Supraóptico , Degeneração Neural/induzido quimicamente , Degeneração Neural/patologia , Núcleo Basal de Meynert/química , Núcleo Basal de MeynertRESUMO
In the present article, we review the technologies and strategies used in medical education, in particular in the field of anatomy, analysing the developmental changes that have occurred in the different resources employed in the teaching of anatomy. The analysis begins by taking into account what has been achieved at the University of Salamanca, similar to what has been done in other universities. We describe the development of anatomy books: from the oldest in which there was only text to be read, to more recent books containing illustrations and then to the current crop of books now supplemented with material on interactive CDs, students' work books, and e-books. Likewise, we describe the development of rooms for teaching anatomy, since the ancient "Anatomy Houses", amphitheatres, classrooms with blackboards, dissection theatres, classrooms with diverse technological advances, to the virtual classroom. We also address the issues of dissection and other complementary strategies used to gain a better understanding of the human body: prosections, anatomical models, computer-aided learning, and virtual models have all found a place in helping students to understand human structure. Finally, we summarise the development of the strategies aimed at involving students in the learning process, in individual or team work, together with different communication and information technologies, such as the development of the Visible Human Project, video streaming, and the Moodle platform. We conclude that the implementation of one strategy or another must necessarily depend on the university in question and that all the tools available should be used for anatomy education in order for them to be useful in the training of good medical professionals (AU)
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Assuntos
Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Anatomia/educação , Anatomia/instrumentação , Anatomia/métodos , Educação Médica/métodos , Educação Médica/tendências , Estratégias de Saúde , Livros/história , Dissecação/educação , Dissecação/métodos , Dissecação/tendênciasRESUMO
An exhaustive analysis of the morphology and morphometry of the encephalic ventricles has been carried out using an array of diagnostic imaging techniques; namely, ultrasound, computerised tomography, magnetic resonance and its three-dimensional variant. The study was conducted on a total of 822 patients ranging in age from birth to 89 years old. The incorporation of these techniques into the field of Human Anatomy has permitted researchers to gain a different and updated view of the anatomical structures present in living human beings. Thus, using ultrasound the ventricular system was identified in the form of sonolucent or anechoic areas. With computerised tomography, the ventricles appeared as hypodense images within the adjacent cerebral parenchyma. With magnetic resonance, and three-dimensional reconstruction, the ventricular morphology was visualised on the three spatial planes. Visualisation of the ventricular cavities by MR varied depending on whether they were enhanced in T1 or T2, or in proton density. From the morphometric point of view, the cerebral ventricles exhibited variations in size that were directly related to the age of the patient; thus, age is a determinant factor in ventricular size. However, note should be taken of the low morphometric variability seen in IVv with respect to age. Regarding the other cerebral ventricles, size did depend on age (AU)
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