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1.
An. psicol ; 40(2): 199-218, May-Sep, 2024. tab, ilus
Artigo em Inglês, Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-232715

RESUMO

La comorbilidad es más la regla que la excepción en salud mental y, sobre todo, en el caso de la ansiedad y la depresión. Los modelos transdiagnósticos estudian los procesos subyacentes para mejorar el tratamiento y la comprensión de la salud mental. Objetivo: Esta revisión sistemática busca evidencias sobre los factores de riesgo transdiagnósticos para la ansiedad y la depresión en la población clínica diagnosticada de estas condiciones psicopatológicas, analizando los diferentes tipos o categorías de factores identificados. Método: Se registró una revisión sistemática en PROSPERO (número de registro CRD42022370327) y se diseñó de acuerdo con las guías PRISMA-P. La calidad del estudio fue evaluada por dos revisores independientes con conocimiento del campo para reducir el posible sesgo. Resultados: Cincuenta y tres artículos fueron examinados y las variables transdiagnósticas fueron agrupadas en tres categorías: psicológicas, biológicas y socioculturales. Conclusiones: La categoría más estudiada fue la de variables psicológicas, en especial los procesos cognitivos, afecto negativo y neuroticismo, intolerancia a la incertidumbre, sensibilidad a la ansiedad. Los factores biológicos y socioculturales requieren más estudio para sustentar su enfoque transdiagnóstico.(AU)


Comorbidity is more the rule than the exception in mental health, specifically in the case of anxiety and depression. Transdiagnostic models studied the underlying processes to improve mental health treat-ment and understating. Objective:This systematic review searchs for evi-dence on transdiagnostic risk factors for anxiety and depression in the clin-ical population diagnosed with these psychopathological conditions, by an-alysing the different types or categories of factors identified.Methods:A sys-tematic review was registered in PROSPERO (registration number CRD42022370327) and was designed according to PRISMA-P guidelines. Two independent reviewers with field knowledge assessed the study quality to reduce bias.Results: Fifty-three articles were examined, and the transdi-agnostic variables were grouped into three categories: psychological, bio-logical, and sociocultural.Conclusions:The most studied category was that of psychological variables, especially cognitive processes, negative affect, and neuroticism, intolerance of uncertainty, anxiety sensitivity. Biological and sociocultural factors require more study to support their transdiagnos-tic approach.(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Saúde Mental , Fatores de Risco , Ansiedade , Depressão , Psicopatologia , Transtornos Mentais
2.
Clin Psychol Psychother ; 31(3): e2997, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38747373

RESUMO

CONTEXT: Several studies have shown that emotional regulation (ER) is a transdiagnostic construct of emotional disorders. Therefore, if therapy improves ER, it would improve psychological distress. OBJECTIVE: This review assesses and compares the changes in ER due to psychological treatment in different therapies. METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs published in the databases PubMed, PsycINFO and Web of Science was performed. It was registered in PROSPERO under the number CRD42023387317. Two independent experts in the field reviewed the articles. RESULTS: A total of 18 articles met the criteria for inclusion in the review. Analysis of these studies suggests that in unified protocol (UP), cognitive behaviour therapy, dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) and mindfulness, there is evidence to support that a moderate effect occurs during treatment. Furthermore, in mindfulness and DBT, the effect was moderate in the follow-up period, while in UP, it was high. LIMITATIONS: Given the heterogeneity of the applied interventions and the methodological limitations found in the reviewed trials, the results should be interpreted with caution. CONCLUSIONS: UP, cognitive behaviour therapy, DBT and mindfulness can improve ER after therapy, while UP, DBT and mindfulness in the follow-up period. Other therapies, such as SKY or Flotation REST, require more research.


INTRODUCCIÓN: Varios estudios han demostrado que la regulación emocional es un constructo transdiagnóstico de los trastornos emocionales. Por lo tanto, si la terapia mejora la regulación emocional, también mejorará el malestar psicológico. OBJETIVO: Evaluar y comparar el cambio en la regulación emocional debido al tratamiento psicológico en diferentes terapias. MÉTODO: Se realizó una revisión sistemática y metaanálisis de ECA publicados en las bases de datos PubMed, PsycINFO y Web of Science. Se registró en PROSPERO con el número CRD42023387317. Dos expertos independientes en la materia revisaron los artículos. RESULTADOS: Un total de 18 artículos cumplieron los criterios de inclusión en la revisión. El análisis de estos estudios sugiere que en el Protocolo Unificado, la Terapia Cognitivo Conductual, la Terapia Dialéctica Conductual y terapias basadas en mindfulness existen evidencias que apoyan que se produce un efecto moderado durante el tratamiento. Además, en las terapias basadas en mindfulness y en la Terapia Dialéctica Conductual, el efecto se moduló en el periodo de seguimiento, mientras que en el Protocolo Unificado fue mayor. LIMITACIONES: Dada la heterogeneidad de las intervenciones aplicadas y las limitaciones metodológicas encontradas en los ensayos revisados, los resultados podrán interpretarse con cautela. CONCLUSIONES: UP, CBT, DBT y mindfulness pueden mejorar la ER tras la terapia, mientras que UP, DBT y mindfulness pueden mejorar la recuperación tras un tiempo de seguimiento. Otras terapias, como SKY o Flotation REST, requieren más investigación.


Assuntos
Terapia Cognitivo-Comportamental , Regulação Emocional , Atenção Plena , Humanos , Atenção Plena/métodos , Terapia Cognitivo-Comportamental/métodos , Terapia do Comportamento Dialético/métodos
3.
Psychosoc Interv ; 33(1): 55-64, 2024 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38298215

RESUMO

The literature has consistently found that victims of intimate partner violence (IPV) against women are reluctant to make their situation visible and report it to the police. Whether victims perceive and define IPV behaviors as reportable is key to understanding in which cases the police are seen as potential providers of help or whether other potential sources of help (family, friends, professionals, etc.) are preferred. The purpose of the present study was to analyze the influence of perceived reportability of IPV on women's selection of the police as a source of help compared to not seeking help or selecting other sources of help. Structural equation modeling was applied to data from 479 female participants drawn from a nationally representative sample of 1,112 male and female Chilean adolescents and young adults conducted by the National Youth Institute of Chile. The results showed that perceived reportability was a significant predictor of choosing the police as a source of help compared to other informal sources of help, such as family and friends. However, perceived reportability did not affect help-seeking choices between the police and other formal help sources (psychologists, public services). Participants' IPV victimization and attitudes toward IPV also played a specific role in selecting the police as a source of help. These findings highlight the complexity of the visibility of women's IPV victimization to the police and the need to examine its explanatory mechanisms.


Las publicaciones científicas señalan sistemáticamente la reticencia de las víctimas de violencia de pareja contra las mujeres a hacer visible su situación y denunciarla ante la policía. El hecho de que las víctimas perciban y definan las conductas de violencia de pareja como denunciables es clave para comprender en qué casos se considera a la policía como posible proveedora de ayuda o si se prefieren otros potenciales proveedores de ayuda (familiares, amigos, especialistas, etc.). El objetivo de la presente investigación ha sido analizar la influencia de la percepción de la capacidad de denunciar la violencia de pareja en la selección de la policía como proveedora de ayuda por parte de las mujeres, en comparación con la falta de búsqueda de ayuda o la selección de otros proveedores de la misma. Se han analizado los datos de 479 mujeres participantes en el estudio de una muestra representativa nacional de 1,112 adolescentes y jóvenes chilenos de ambos sexos realizado por el Instituto Nacional de la Juventud de Chile. Los resultados mostraron que la capacidad de denuncia percibida predice la selección de la policía como proveedor de ayuda en comparación con otras fuentes informales de ayuda, como la familia o los amigos. Sin embargo, no pareció tener efecto en la selección de la búsqueda de ayuda comparar a la policía con otras fuentes formales de ayuda (psicólogos, servicios públicos). La victimización y las actitudes hacia la violencia de pareja también desempeñan un papel específico en la selección de la policía como proveedora de ayuda. Los resultados demuestran la complejidad de la visibilidad para la policía de la violencia en la pareja contra las mujeres y la necesidad de examinar sus mecanismos explicativos.


Assuntos
Vítimas de Crime , Violência por Parceiro Íntimo , Adulto Jovem , Adolescente , Humanos , Feminino , Masculino , Polícia , Amigos , Aceitação pelo Paciente de Cuidados de Saúde
4.
Interv. psicosoc. (Internet) ; 33(1): 55-64, Ene. 2024. ilus, tab
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-229639

RESUMO

The literature has consistently found that victims of intimate partner violence (IPV) against women are reluctant to make their situation visible and report it to the police. Whether victims perceive and define IPV behaviors as reportable is key to understanding in which cases the police are seen as potential providers of help or whether other potential sources of help (family, friends, professionals, etc.) are preferred. The purpose of the present study was to analyze the influence of perceived reportability of IPV on women’s selection of the police as a source of help compared to not seeking help or selecting other sources of help. Structural equation modeling was applied to data from 479 female participants drawn from a nationally representative sample of 1,112 male and female Chilean adolescents and young adults conducted by the National Youth Institute of Chile. The results showed that perceived reportability was a significant predictor of choosing the police as a source of help compared to other informal sources of help, such as family and friends. However, perceived reportability did not affect help-seeking choices between the police and other formal help sources (psychologists, public services). Participants’ IPV victimization and attitudes toward IPV also played a specific role in selecting the police as a source of help. These findings highlight the complexity of the visibility of women’s IPV victimization to the police and the need to examine its explanatory mechanisms.(AU)


Las publicaciones científicas señalan sistemáticamente la reticencia de las víctimas de violencia de pareja contra las mujeres a hacer visible su situación y denunciarla ante la policía. El hecho de que las víctimas perciban y definan las conductas de violencia de pareja como denunciables es clave para comprender en qué casos se considera a la policía como posible proveedora de ayuda o si se prefieren otros potenciales proveedores de ayuda (familiares, amigos, especialistas, etc.). El objetivo de la presente investigación ha sido analizar la influencia de la percepción de la capacidad de denunciar la violencia de pareja en la selección de la policía como proveedora de ayuda por parte de las mujeres, en comparación con la falta de búsqueda de ayuda o la selección de otros proveedores de la misma. Se han analizado los datos de 479 mujeres participantes en el estudio de una muestra representativa nacional de 1,112 adolescentes y jóvenes chilenos de ambos sexos realizado por el Instituto Nacional de la Juventud de Chile. Los resultados mostraron que la capacidad de denuncia percibida predice la selección de la policía como proveedor de ayuda en comparación con otras fuentes informales de ayuda, como la familia o los amigos. Sin embargo, no pareció tener efecto en la selección de la búsqueda de ayuda comparar a la policía con otras fuentes formales de ayuda (psicólogos, servicios públicos). La victimización y las actitudes hacia la violencia de pareja también desempeñan un papel específico en la selección de la policía como proveedora de ayuda. Los resultados demuestran la complejidad de la visibilidad para la policía de la violencia en la pareja contra las mujeres y la necesidad de examinar sus mecanismos explicativos.(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Violência por Parceiro Íntimo , Violência de Gênero , Violência contra a Mulher , Comportamento de Busca de Ajuda , Vítimas de Crime , Revelação
5.
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-209792

RESUMO

Background: The co-occurrence of intimate partner violence (IPV) has been usually determined by co-occurring reports of perpetration and victimization, but still not considering the interdependence of both members’ reports. The current research aimed to analyze the dyadic patterns of IPV perpetration and victimization, considering the influence of sexism toward women, family functioning, and relationship duration. Method: The sample involved 242 couples heterosexual couples. The Actor-Partner Interdependence Model was calculated to analyze the violent dynamics in the couple. For males, a couple-oriented pattern was identified, but for females the pattern was between couple-oriented and actor-only pattern. Results: These patterns remained stable when personal, family, and relational variables were included in the model, which present different effects on perpetration and victimization: males’ hostile sexism predicted higher levels of male IPV perpetration and victimization as well as higher levels of male and female victimization via male perpetration. Regarding family functioning, higher family good functioning predicted lower IPV perpetration in males and lower victimization in females. Finally, relationship length predicted higher levels of IPV perpetration of both couple members and higher victimization via perpetration. Conclusions: These results are discussed in light of the interdependence of couple members’ IPV perpetration and victimization. (AU)


Antecedentes: La coocurrencia de la violencia en la pareja (IPV) suele establecerse con el informe de ambos miembros de la pareja, pero rara vez se tiene en cuenta la interdependencia entre sus respuestas. El objetivo del trabajo ha sido analizar los patrones diádicos de la IPV teniendo en cuenta el sexismo hacia las mujeres, la funcionalidad familiar y la duración de la relación. Método: La muestra estaba compuesta por 242 parejas heterosexuales, utilizándose el Actor-Partner Interdependence Model para analizar los patrones diádicos. En el caso de los hombres se identificó el patrón orientado a la díada, mientras que el patrón de las mujeres parecía encontrarse entre el orientado a la díada y al actor. Resultados: Estos patrones se mantuvieron tras haber incluido el sexismo, el funcionamiento familiar y la duración de la relación: el sexismo hostil de los hombres predecía mayores niveles de perpetración en ellos y de victimización en ambos a través de la perpetración de los hombres. El buen funcionamiento familiar predecía una menor perpetración en los hombres y victimización en las mujeres. Finalmente la duración de la relación predijo mayores niveles de perpetración y victimización a través de la perpetración en ambos miembros de la pareja. Conclusiones: Se discuten los resultados a partir de la interdependencia de la IPV de ambos miembros de la pareja. (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Sexismo , Mulheres , Violência contra a Mulher
6.
Int. j. clin. health psychol. (Internet) ; 22(1): 1-9, jan.-apr. 2022. tab, ilus
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-203397

RESUMO

Antecedentes/Objetivo: Aunque existen instrumentos de medida de la violencia en la pareja (IPV), no se ha evaluado su validez considerando la interdependencia entre los autoinformes de victimización y perpetración con datos diádicos. El objetivo fue evaluar la validez y fiabilidad del Cuestionario de Violencia entre Novios (CuViNo) incluyendo la interdependencia entre los autoinformes de victimización y perpetración de los miembros de parejas actuales. Método: Seiscientas dieciséis parejas heterosexuales de adultos jóvenes participaron en el estudio. Cada participante respondió de manera independiente a las versiones de victimización y perpetración del CuViNo. Resultados: El modelo de interdependencia victimización-perpetración basado en datos diádicos mostró un buen ajuste a los datos e invarianza entre sexos. Todos los factores correlacionaron significativamente y fueron fiables. Conclusiones: El CuViNo es un instrumento válido y fiable para la medición independiente de perpetración y victimización de IPV en adolescentes y adultos-jóvenes, pero también para la medición interdependiente de ambas. El CuViNo también es invariante entre sexos, lo que permite comparar los resultados de hombres y mujeres. Estos resultados muestran la relevancia de tener en cuenta la interdependencia entre victimización y perpetración, así como de cuidar la excesiva confianza en los autoinformes individuales centrados en la perpetración o la victimización a la hora de alcanzar un conocimiento preciso.


Background/Objective: Although measurement instruments for intimate partner violence (IPV) are available, their validity considering the interdependence of victimization and perpetration self-reports based on dyadic reports has not been tested. The aim was to test the validity and reliability of a new version of the Dating Violence Questionnaire (DVQ–R) that includes the interdependence of victimization and perpetration self-reports using current couple information. Method: Participants were young adults comprising 616 current heterosexual couples. Each dyad member responded to the victimization and perpetration versions of the DVQ-R independently from their partner. Results: The victimization-perpetration interdependence model based on dyadic data showed a good fit to the data and was invariant across sexes. All the factors were significantly correlated with each other and were reliable. Conclusions: The DVQ is a valid and reliable measurement instrument for the independent assessment of IPV perpetration and victimization in adolescent and young adult populations and an interdependent measure of IPV victimization and perpetration. The DVQ–VP is invariant across sexes, which makes the results obtained for males and females comparable. These results show the relevance of considering perpetration and victimization together and emphasize the necessity to be cautious regarding the excessive reliability of individual self-reported perpetration or victimization to obtain more precise knowledge.


Assuntos
Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto Jovem , Violência por Parceiro Íntimo/psicologia , Violência por Parceiro Íntimo/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto Jovem , Adolescente , Confiança/psicologia , Vítimas de Crime
7.
J Interpers Violence ; 37(3-4): NP1566-NP1587, 2022 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32538293

RESUMO

The study of intimate partner violence (IPV) has evolved into more complex and integrative models to better understand the explanatory mechanisms of IPV perpetration. Nevertheless, integrative models rarely permit an in-depth analysis of a large number of relevant variables, and more specific approximations are required as basis of them. In this sense, the individual approach is the most productive research line. From the individual perspective and using data from imprisoned male offenders, the present study aimed to analyze the potential mediating role of alcohol dependence in the association of Cluster B personality traits and psychological IPV. The sample included 196 male inmates of the Penitentiary Center of Villabona (Asturias, Spain). Structural equation modeling was used to test the hypothetical and alternative models. First, model results only showed an indirect effect of antisocial and borderline personalities mediated by alcohol dependence. Nevertheless, fitting of the model to the data was poor. Second, a fully saturated model was calculated, revealing a direct effect of histrionic personality on psychological IPV. Finally, an alternative model was tested adding to first model the direct effect of histrionic personality on psychological IPV. The fitting of the alternative model to the data was good. Antisocial and borderline personalities predicted psychological IPV when mediated by alcohol dependence, while histrionic personality had a direct effect on psychological IPV. Narcissistic personality did not affect psychological IPV. These results support the hypothesis regarding the use of alcohol as a coping mechanism in antisocial and borderline individuals, acting as a disinhibitory factor which increases the likelihood of psychological IPV occurrence. Contrary to previous research, a clear direct effect of histrionic personality and psychological IPV was obtained. This association can be explained by the necessity of attention of histrionic individuals and the type (psychological) of violence studied.


Assuntos
Transtorno da Personalidade Borderline , Violência por Parceiro Íntimo , Transtorno da Personalidade Antissocial/epidemiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Personalidade , Transtornos da Personalidade
8.
Child Indic Res ; 15(2): 447-465, 2022.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34804255

RESUMO

This article analyzes the relationships between the material conditions and the subjective well-being of 3,716 children (50.5% girls) between 10 and 12 years of age (M = 11.4) in Chile and Brazil. These are the two Latin American countries that took part in the third wave of the Children's Worlds research. The material conditions of the children were assessed using latent classes. A multivariate analysis of covariance was done next in order to test the influence of material conditions over the children's subjective well-being and interpersonal relationships. The association between gender and country variables of the children was also studied. The results showed that although the average subjective well-being scores of the children were high in general, the class analysis showed significant differences between the results for children with better material conditions than those with poorer material conditions. The latter group presented lower subjective well-being levels. MANCOVA was used to analyze the mean differences in subjective well-being levels and interpersonal relationships controlling variables of gender and country of residence. This showed that children with greater access to better material conditions showed significantly higher levels of subjective well-being levels and had a more positive view of their interpersonal relationships in all areas assessed compared to those who reported worse material conditions. These results are discussed in view of the high indices of material deprivation that exist in Latin America during childhood as well as how these findings may help better understand the well-being of children living in Latin American countries.

9.
Int J Clin Health Psychol ; 22(1): 100276, 2022.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34934421

RESUMO

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Although measurement instruments for intimate partner violence (IPV) are available, their validity considering the interdependence of victimization and perpetration self-reports based on dyadic reports has not been tested. The aim was to test the validity and reliability of a new version of the Dating Violence Questionnaire (DVQ-R) that includes the interdependence of victimization and perpetration self-reports using current couple information. Method: Participants were young adults comprising 616 current heterosexual couples. Each dyad member responded to the victimization and perpetration versions of the DVQ-R independently from their partner. Results: The victimization-perpetration interdependence model based on dyadic data showed a good fit to the data and was invariant across sexes. All the factors were significantly correlated with each other and were reliable. Conclusions: The DVQ is a valid and reliable measurement instrument for the independent assessment of IPV perpetration and victimization in adolescent and young adult populations and an interdependent measure of IPV victimization and perpetration. The DVQ-VP is invariant across sexes, which makes the results obtained for males and females comparable. These results show the relevance of considering perpetration and victimization together and emphasize the necessity to be cautious regarding the excessive reliability of individual self-reported perpetration or victimization to obtain more precise knowledge.


Antecedentes/Objetivo: Aunque existen instrumentos de medida de la violencia en la pareja (IPV), no se ha evaluado su validez considerando la interdependencia entre los autoinformes de victimización y perpetración con datos diádicos. El objetivo fue evaluar la validez y fiabilidad del Cuestionario de Violencia entre Novios (CuViNo) incluyendo la interdependencia entre los autoinformes de victimización y perpetración de los miembros de parejas actuales. Método: Seiscientas dieciséis parejas heterosexuales de adultos jóvenes participaron en el estudio. Cada participante respondió de manera independiente a las versiones de victimización y perpetración del CuViNo. Resultados: El modelo de interdependencia victimización-perpetración basado en datos diádicos mostró un buen ajuste a los datos e invarianza entre sexos. Todos los factores correlacionaron significativamente y fueron fiables. Conclusiones: El CuViNo es un instrumento válido y fiable para la medición independiente de perpetración y victimización de IPV en adolescentes y adultos-jóvenes, pero también para la medición interdependiente de ambas. El CuViNo también es invariante entre sexos, lo que permite comparar los resultados de hombres y mujeres. Estos resultados muestran la relevancia de tener en cuenta la interdependencia entre victimización y perpetración, así como de cuidar la excesiva confianza en los autoinformes individuales centrados en la perpetración o la victimización a la hora de alcanzar un conocimiento preciso.

10.
An. psicol ; 37(3): 567-576, Oct-Dic. 2021. tab, ilus, graf
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-215139

RESUMO

We have experienced sociocultural changes, which have favored the development of egalitarian gender role attitudes (GRA). Nevertheless, the revolution in gender roles is incomplete, and the lack of equity in social structures limits the individual experiences in equality. In the face of this reality, the scientific community is demanding a modernized system for measuring GRA. We present adaptation, evidence of factorial and convergent validity, accuracy, ceiling and floor effect, norms of interpretation by sex, and analyses of the easiest and most difficult GRAs to modify in the Gender Role Attitudes Scale (GRAS). We used a sample of 1013 Chilean university students. The GRAS has a two-factor structure that evaluates stereotyped and transcendent attitudes of gender roles in the family, social, and work contexts. The scale presents convergent validity with a sexual double standard measure and is more reliable in the low scores of transcendence and the high scores of stereotyped attitudes. Transcendent factor had a ceiling effect, and stereotyped attitudes had a floor effect. Family gender roles are the easiest to change, and work-related roles the most difficult. The authors discuss the need for a structural change to reactivate the revolution of gender roles in Chile.(AU)


Hemos experimentado cambios socioculturales que han favorecido el desarrollo de actitudes de roles de género (GRA) más igualitarias. Sin embargo, actualmente la revolución en los roles de género está incompleta y la falta de equidad en las estructuras sociales limita las experiencias individuales en igualdad. Ante esta realidad, la comunidad científica exige un sistema modernizado para medir GRA. Presentamos adaptación, evidencia de validez factorial y convergente, precisión, efecto techo y piso, normas de interpretación por sexo, y análisis del GRA más fácil y difícil de modificar, para la Escala de Actitudes de Rol de Género (EARG) en una muestra de 1013 universitarios chilenos. La EARG tiene una estructura bifactorial que evalúa actitudes estereotipadas y trascendentes en contextos familiares, sociales y laborales. Presenta validez convergente con una medida de doble estándar sexual y es más confiable en niveles bajos de trascendencia y niveles altos de actitudes estereotipadas. El factor trascendente tuvo un efecto techo, y las actitudes estereotipadas un efecto suelo. Los roles familiares de género son los más fáciles de cambiar, y los relacionados con el trabajo los más difíciles. Se discute la necesidad de un cambio estructural para reactivar la revolución de los roles de género en Chile.(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Psicometria , Adaptação a Desastres , Comportamento Estereotipado , 57433 , 57444 , Relações Interpessoais , Chile , Identidade de Gênero
11.
Front Psychol ; 12: 641641, 2021.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34149525

RESUMO

Improving citizens' subjective well-being (SWB) has become an increasingly visible policy goal across industrialized countries. Although an increasing number of studies have investigated SWB at the individual level, little is known about subjective evaluation at social levels, such as the community and national levels. While the relationships between these levels have been analyzed in previous research, these assessments, which are part of the same unique construct of SWB, are under-investigated. The purpose of this study was to examine the dimensionality and reliability of a single measure of SWB, which contained individual, community, and national levels across three Latin-American countries (Argentina, Chile, and Venezuela), using a bifactor model analysis. Findings showed that the bifactor model exhibited a good fit to the data for the three countries. However, invariance testing between countries was not fully supported because of each item's specific contribution to both specific and general constructs. The analyses of each country showed that the SWB construct was in a gray area between unidimensionality and multidimensionality; some factors contributed more to the general factor and others to the specific level, depending on the country. These findings call for integrating more distant levels (community and country levels) into the understanding of SWB at the individual level, as they contribute not only to an overall construct, but they make unique contributions to SWB, which must be considered in public policy making.

12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33540929

RESUMO

Major depression is one of the most prevalent mental health problems in the penitentiary context and has been related to different undesirable outcomes. The aim of the current research was to evaluate the utility of screening tools for major depression brief assessment in the jail context. We interviewed 203 male inmates and complimented the MCMI-III, the SCL-90-R, and the CES-D-7 self-informed scales. Major depression syndrome and disorder were determined based on MCMI-III criteria and the capability of SCL-90-R and CES-D-7 to identify true positives and true negatives when tested. SCL-90-R and CES-D-7 showed good sensitivity for major depression syndrome and disorder. The specificity of SCL-90-R was poor in all cases, but CES-D-7 showed good specificity depending on the cut-off score. Rigorous interviews are needed for better evaluation of major depression in jails, but screening tools like CES-D-7 are useful for rapid assessment considering the work overload of penitentiary psychologists.


Assuntos
Transtorno Depressivo Maior , Depressão , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/diagnóstico , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/epidemiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Programas de Rastreamento , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Sensibilidade e Especificidade
13.
Interv. psicosoc. (Internet) ; 29(3): 165-174, sept. 2020. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-194493

RESUMO

Studies of intimate partner violence (IPV) have generally focused on only one partner. Although this has allowed advances in scientific knowledge on the causes of IPV, currently recent literature is demanding the need to study both members of the couple. Methodologically, the study of dyads requires the use of appropriate statistical techniques to avoid possible systematic biases (for example, type I error due to dependence of observations). We used the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model to study aggression and victimization in 361 heterosexual couples of young adults. The results indicated, on the one hand, that self-reported mutual aggression was found in more than 50% of the couples. On the other hand, we found that participants' victimization was largely predicted by their own aggressive behavior towards the other member of the couple. While this result suggests the existence of a victim-offender overlap, it may also hide an upwards victimization scores bias: when participants are aggressive toward their partners, they may bias their victimization scores upwards to justify their levels of aggression ("I was aggressive because I felt victimized")


Los estudios sobre la violencia de pareja (en inglés IPV) generalmente han centrado sus análisis sólo en uno de los miembros. Aunque esto ha permitido avanzar en el conocimiento de las causas de la IPV, la literatura reciente ha señalado la necesidad de estudiar a los dos miembros de la pareja. Metodológicamente el estudio de las parejas requiere el uso de técnicas estadísticas apropiadas para evitar posibles sesgos sistemáticos (por ejemplo, error tipo I debido a la dependencia de las observaciones). En este estudio utilizamos el modelo de interdependencia actor-pareja para el estudio de la agresión y la victimización en 361 parejas jóvenes heterosexuales de jóvenes adultos. Los resultados indicaban, por una parte, que había agresión mutua autoinformada en más de la mitad de las parejas. Por otro lado, encontramos que el principal predictor de la victimización de los participantes fue su propio comportamiento agresivo hacia el otro miembro de la pareja. Este resultado sugiere que la víctima y el agresor son la misma persona. Sin embargo, también puede ocultar un posible sesgo al alza de las puntuaciones de victimización: cuando los participantes son agresivos con sus parejas, pueden sesgar al alza sus puntuaciones de victimización para justificar sus niveles de agresión ("Fui agresivo porque me sentí victimizado")


Assuntos
Humanos , Maus-Tratos Conjugais/psicologia , Violência por Parceiro Íntimo/psicologia , Vítimas de Crime/psicologia , Desejabilidade Social , Autorrelato , Heterossexualidade/psicologia , Análise de Variância
14.
Eur. j. psychol. appl. legal context (Internet) ; 11(2): 61-69, jul.-dic. 2019. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-183600

RESUMO

Psychological intimate partner violence (IPV) is the most prevalent form of IPV and is often thought to precede physical IPV. However, psychological IPV often occurs independently of other forms of IPV, and it can often emerge during routine relationship interactions. Using data from imprisoned male offenders we investigate the effect of hostile and benevolent sexist attitudes on psychological IPV and the hypothesized mediating role of positive attitudes toward IPV and this effect when accounting for broader risk factors at the levels of community (social disorder), family-of-origin (conflictive climate in family of origin), and personality (antisocial personality traits) variables. The sample involved 196 male inmates of the Penitentiary Center of Villabona (Asturias, Spain). Structural equation models result showed significant total, direct and indirect effect of hostile sexism on psychological IPV, but not of benevolent sexism. When individual, family-of-origin, and community variables were considered, however, hostile sexism showed only an indirect effect on psychological IPV via positive attitudes toward abuse. These results are discussed in light of the debate of the role of sexist attitudes in the psychological IPV explanation when broader models are considered


La violencia de pareja (VP) psicológica es la forma más prevalente de VP y habitualmente suele preceder a la VP física. Sin embargo, la VP psicológica ocurre a menudo independientemente de otras formas de VP y puede darse en interacciones rutinarias con la pareja. Utilizando datos de hombres recluidos en prisión, hemos investigado el efecto del sexismo hostil y benevolente sobre la VP psicológica, así como el rol mediador de las actitudes positivas hacia el abuso de la pareja. Hemos investigado también ese efecto cuando están presentes otros factores de riesgo de VP psicológica señalados en la literatura reciente están presentes: comunidad (desorden social), familia de origen (clima conflictivo en la familia de origen) y factores individuales (rasgos de personalidad antisocial). Participaron en el estudio 196 hombres internos en el Centro Penitenciario de Villabona (Asturias, España). Los resultados de los modelos de ecuaciones estructurales estimados indican un efecto total, directo e indirecto significativo del sexismo hostil sobre la VP psicológica, pero no del sexismo benevolente. Cuando las variables de la comunidad, la familia de origen y factores individuales se incorporaron al modelo únicamente el efecto indirecto del sexismo hostil a través de las actitudes positivas hacia el abuso siguió siendo significativo. Los resultados se discuten en relación con el debate sobre el rol de las actitudes sexistas sobre la VP psicológica en el marco de modelos más generales de violencia


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adulto Jovem , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Violência por Parceiro Íntimo/psicologia , Sexismo/psicologia , Agressão/psicologia , Repressão Psicológica , Prisioneiros/psicologia , Esgotamento Psicológico/psicologia , Fatores de Risco , Violência contra a Mulher , Conflito Psicológico , Homicídio/psicologia
15.
Artigo em Inglês | IBECS | ID: ibc-170361

RESUMO

Research on male batterers has found that in some cases of severe intimate partner violence (IPV) against women, male aggressors were also generally violent beyond the family realm. These findings have been used by researchers to illustrate the common etiology of both general and IPV. Using data from imprisoned male violent offenders, we analyzed the individual, family, and community characteristics of two groups of violent offenders: generalist batterers (GB) and generally extra-family violent men (GEVM). GB offenders had a judicial sentence on IPV-related offenses (gender violence according to the Spanish legislation), while GEVM offenders did not have any IPV-related judicial sentence. The sample includes 153 imprisoned male violent offenders of the Penitentiary Center of Villabona (Asturias, Spain). Sociodemographic measures, and criminal and justice official records of participants are available. Two groups of participants (GB and GEVM) distinction was done based on official records. Multivariate analyses of covariance (MANCOVA) was carried out to study differences between each group of participants in self-reported measures of personal, family, and community context variables. MANCOVA showed no statistical differences among the individual, family, and community characteristics of these two groups, giving empirical support to the theoretical view that general violence and IPV might share a common etiology. These results are discussed in light of the debate about the potentially common etiology of these two types of violence (AU)


En varias de las investigaciones sobre hombres maltratadores se ha demostrado que éstos no sólo son violentos contra la pareja, sino también en el ámbito extrafamiliar, lo cual ha sido utilizado por los investigadores para ilustrar la etiología común de la violencia general y la violencia en la pareja íntima (VPI). Utilizando datos de hombres violentos en prisión se han analizado las características individuales, familiares y comunitarias de dos grupos de agresores violentos: maltratadores generalistas (GB) y hombres violentos en general fuera de la familia (GEVM). Los GB fueron condenados por delitos de violencia de género (de acuerdo con la legislación española), mientras que los GEVM no han sido condenados nunca por tales delitos. La muestra está compuesta por 153 hombres internos en el Centro Penitenciario de Villabona (Asturias, España). Se ha dispuesto de variables sociodemográficas así como de registros judiciales. La distinción entre los grupos se ha establecido en base a los registros oficiales. Se han llevado a cabo análisis multivariados de covarianza (MANCOVA) para estudiar las diferencias entre los grupos de estudio en las variables individuales, familiares y comunitarias. Los resultados de los MANCOVA indican que no existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas en los ámbitos individual, familiar y comunitario entre los grupos, apoyando la perspectiva teórica que defiende que la violencia general y la VPI comparten una etiología común. Estos resultados han sido discutidos teniendo en cuenta el debate sobre la potencial etiología común de estos dos tipos de violencia (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Violência Doméstica/psicologia , Violência contra a Mulher , Violência por Parceiro Íntimo/psicologia , Exposição à Violência/estatística & dados numéricos , Prisioneiros/psicologia , Parceiros Sexuais/psicologia , Conflito Familiar/psicologia
16.
Front Psychol ; 7: 1993, 2016.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28082934

RESUMO

Backgrounds: The high rates of school dropout worldwide and their relevance highlight the need for a close study of its causes and consequences. Literature has suggested that school dropout might be explained by multiple causes at different levels (individual, family, school, and neighborhood). The aim of the current study is to examine the relation between individual (defiant attitude, irresponsibility, alcohol abuse, and illegal drugs use), family (educational figure absent and parental monitoring), school factors (truancy and school conflict) and school dropout. Method: Judicial files of all juvenile offenders (218 males and 46 females) with a judicial penal measure in Asturias (Spain) in the year 2012 were examined. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to estimate the relationships between school dropout and individual, family and school variables. Results: As for the individual characteristics, results showed that school dropouts were more irresponsible than non-dropouts. Also they had higher rates of illegal drug use and alcohol abuse. Moreover, lack of parental monitoring emerged as a key predictive factor of school dropout, beyond the type of family structure in terms of the presence of both or only one educational figure. Finally, school factors did not show a significant relationship to school dropout. Conclusions: These findings indicate that school dropout is a multidimensional process. School and family policies that emphasize the role of parental monitoring and prevent alcohol and substance abuse are recommended.

17.
Univ. psychol ; 14(1): 245-254, ene.-mar. 2015. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-765720

RESUMO

El uso de pruebas no paramétricas resulta recomendable cuando los datos a analizar no cumplen los supuestos de normalidad y homocedasticidad. Sin embargo, la suposición de la normalidad de los datos o el empleo de pruebas de bondad de ajuste que no son adecuadas para el tamaño muestral empleado son aspectos habituales. Este hecho implica, en muchas ocasiones, el uso de pruebas estadísticas no ajustadas al tipo de distribución real y, consecuentemente, el establecimiento de conclusiones erróneas. Por ello, en el presente estudio se ha analizado el poder de detección de cinco pruebas de bondad de ajuste (Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Kolmogorov-Smirnov-Lilliefors, Shapiro-Wilk, Anderson-Darling y Jarque-Bera) en distribuciones simétricas con seis tamaños muestrales entre 30 y 1000 participantes generados mediante una simulación Monte Carlo. Los resultados muestran una tendencia conservadora generalizada a medida que se incrementa el tamaño muestral. En cuanto a los tamaños muestrales, las pruebas con un mejor poder de detección de la no normalidad son Kolmogorov-Smirnov-Lilliefors y Anderson-Darling para muestra pequeñas, la prueba de Kolmogorov-Smirnov si se emplean tamaños muestrales medios (200 participantes) y la prueba de Shapiro-Wilk cuando se analizan muestras superiores a 500 participantes. Además, la prueba clásica de Kolmogorov-Smirnov se considera absolutamente ineficaz independientemente del tamaño muestral.


The use of nonparametric tests is recommended when the data do not meet the assumptions of normality and homoscedasticity. However, the assumptions of normality of the data or the use of goodness of fit tests that are not appropriate for the assessed sample are common aspects. In many cases, this implies the use of statistical tests unadjusted for the real data distribution and, consequently, the establishment of inaccurate conclusions. Therefore, in this paper the detection power of five tests of goodness of fit (Kolmogorov-Smirnov-Lilliefors, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Shapiro-Wilk, Anderson-Darling and Jarque -Bera) in symmetric distributions is analysed in six sample sizes between 30 and 1000 participants generated by Monte Carlo simulation. Results show a marked conservative tendency as the sample size becomes larger. Regarding sample sizes to detect non-normality: analysing small samples the best results are provided by Kolmogorov-Smirnov-Lilliefors and Anderson-Darling tests, if the sample is medium-sized (200 participants) the Kolmogorov-Smirnov, and when samples are over 500 participants the Shapiro-Wilk test is recommended. In addition, the classic test of Kolmogorov-Smirnov is considered absolutely ineffective regardless the sample size.


Assuntos
Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Tamanho da Amostra
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