The advertisement call of Proceratophrys redacta (Anura, Odontophrynidae).

The genus Proceratophrys Miranda-Ribeiro, 1920, frogs from the family Odontophrynidae Lynch, currently contains 41 nominal species with poorly resolved phylogenetic relationships (Frost 2019; Mângia et al. 2018). Molecular data from 15 and 18 Proceratophrys species support the monophyletic hypothesis of the genus (Teixeira-Jr et al. 2012; Dias et al. 2013; respectively) but do not fully resolve the phylogenetic relationship among the species. Currently, there are advertisement call parameters provided for 31 species of Proceratophrys in the literature (Ferreira et al. 2016; Andrade et al. 2018; Mângia et al. 2018; Nascimento et al. 2019). The Proceratophrys advertisement call is composed of pulsed notes, amplitude modulation, short to medium duration calls (0.05-4 s) and only one note in almost all species (see Nascimento et al. 2019 for details). Considering the importance of bioacoustics for taxonomy (Köhler et al. 2017), further descriptions of advertisement calls for the genus could also improve our understanding of the species' relationships.

Cryptic diversity and ancient diversification in the northern Atlantic Forest Pristimantis (Amphibia, Anura, Craugastoridae).

The Neotropical region is known both for its megadiverse fauna and for the significant deficiency of our knowledge on species limits. The Amazon and Atlantic Forest are the two most diverse and large rainforests in South America, and they harbor many groups of sister species and sister genera. The frog genus Pristimantis is the most speciose genus of terrestrial vertebrates with 546 species, but only three of them occur in the Atlantic forest. Herein, we investigate the diversification history and phylogenetic relationship among the Atlantic Forest Pristimantis lineages in a spatial-temporal framework, using mitochondrial and nuclear genes. Our results reveal a remarkable hidden diversity, with nine highly structure lineages that may correspond to undescribed species, with many cases of sympatry among these divergent lineages. Atlantic forest Pristimantis form a monophyletic group that started to diversify over 40 million years ago. This ancient group shows diversification events that remount the early bursts of the Atlantic Forest diversification history, as well as lineage diversification likely resulting from recent Pleistocene climatic fluctuations. Future work must concentrate in comparing these lineages under an integrative framework including morphology, advertisement calls and other ecology traits to confidently delimit species of Pristimantis in the Atlantic Forest.

The tadpole of Scinax camposseabrai (Bokermann) (Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae).

The treefrog Scinax camposseabrai (Bokermann) is endemic to the Brazilian semiarid region and known from the municipalities of Maracás, Igaporã and Curaçá, in the state of Bahia, and from the municipality of Matias Cardoso, northern Minas Gerais state, Brazil (Frost 2019). It was removed from the synonymy of Scinax x-signatus (Spix), recognized as a valid species, and placed in the S. ruber clade (sensu Faivovich et al. 2005) by Caramaschi Cardoso (2006). Taxonomic changes proposed by Duellman et al. (2016) for the genus Scinax were discussed by Lourenço et al. (2016) and Faivovich et al. (2018), and we follow here their suggestion to consider Ololygon and Julianus (erected for the S. uruguayus group) as synonyms of Scinax. This large genus Scinax currently would include 123 species (Frost 2019), many of which have had their larval morphology formerly described. Here, we describe the external morphology of the previously unknown tadpoles of S. camposseabrai.

Contrasting genetic, acoustic, and morphological differentiation in two closely related gladiator frogs (Hylidae: Boana) across a common Neotropical landscape.

Mountain chains and rivers are often found to represent barriers promoting vicariant differentiation in terrestrial vertebrates. Previous studies have supported the idea that the Cordillera de Mérida (CM), the easternmost branch of the Northern Andes, represents a geographic barrier for vertebrates, including frogs. Previous studies have also suggested that the Orinoco River (OR), the biggest river in Venezuela, also represents a geographic barrier for terrestrial vertebrates. Boana pugnax and B. xerophylla are two Neotropical hylids, members of the B. faber species group, that are distributed on either side of the CM, and whose ranges extend up to 605 and 2450 m in elevation, respectively. In addition, B. xerophylla occurs on either side of the OR. Herein, we assess the genetic, acoustic, and morphological differentiation within B. pugnax and within B. xerophylla across the CM and within B. xerophylla across the OR, and test if genetic differentiation is correlated with geographic distance. We also evaluated the acoustic differentiation between the recently recognized B. xerophylla and its sister species, B. crepitans, and found marked differences between advertisement calls, corroborating their status as distinct species. Genetic and morphometric analyses of populations from opposite sides of the CM revealed differentiation in B. pugnax but not in B. xerophylla. Within the latter species, we found molecular, acoustic, and morphometric differentiation among samples of B. xerophylla from western Venezuela versus the Guiana Shield. Genetic variation within B. pugnax and within B. xerophylla was not explained by geographic distance. Thus, our data show conspecific population structure across the CM in B. pugnax, plus the possible existence of two species within what today is considered B. xerophylla, yet the CM apparently is not involved in this divergence. These results suggest that even for closely related species with shared ecology and distribution, genetic and phenotypic differentiation respond differently to common ecological or historical factors.

Amphibians of the Reserva Ecológica Michelin: a high diversity site in the lowland Atlantic Forest of southern Bahia, Brazil.

An inventory of the amphibians of the Reserva Ecológica Michelin - REM in southern Bahia, Brazil is presented. Sixty-nine species were recorded during a ten-year sampling period. Amphibians were distributed in two orders (Gymnophiona and Anura), belonging to twelve families [Aromobatidae (1), Bufonidae (3), Centrolenidae (1), Craugastoridae (5), Eleutherodactylidae (3), Hemiphractidae (2), Hylidae (34), Phyllomedusidae (5) Leptodactylidae (7), Microhylidae (4), Odontophrynidae (3) and Caeciliidae (1)]. Fifty per cent of the reproductive modes known for Atlantic forest anurans were recorded. While no threatened species were found at REM, six species are classified as data deficient (DD) by the Brazilian Red List of threatened species and deserve additional attention. Phasmahyla timbo and Vitreorana eurygnatha are listed as endangered in Bahia according to the list of threatened species of the state. Despite a higher diversity of amphibians in the Atlantic forest having been reported for mountainous regions, our results revealed that amphibian richness for lowland forests is also high.

The advertisement call and comments on the distribution of Eleutherodactylus bilineatus Bokermann, 1975, an endemic frog of Bahia State, Brazil (Amphibia, Anura).

Advertisement calls can be used to aid solving taxonomic problems and understanding the evolution of certain groups. In this study, the advertisement call of Eleutherodactylus bilineatus is described. It is composed by two different notes with a total duration of 0.529-4.241 seconds and dominant frequency of 1.72-3.45 kHz. Additionally, new data is provided on the geographical distribution of Eleutherodactylus bilineatus and the most inland record for this species.

External morphology and oral cavity of the tadpole of Trachycephalus atlas Bokermann, 1966 (Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae).

The Neotropical genus Trachycephalus Tschudi currently comprises 14 species distributed in lowlands of Mexico, Central and South America east of the Andes, south until northern Argentina (Frost 2014) and throughout Brazil (IUCN 2014). Seven species of the genus have tadpoles formerly described: T. coriaceus (Peters) (Schiesari & Moreira 1996; Lescure et al. 1996), T. cunauaru Gordo, Toledo, Suárez, Kawashita-Ribeiro, Ávila, Morais & Nunes (Grillitsch 1992 as Phrynohyas resinifictrix according to Gordo et al. 2013), T. jordani (Stejneger & Test) (McDiarmid & Altig 1989-1990), T. mesophaeus (Hensel) (Lutz 1973; Carvalho-e-Silva et al. 2002; Prado et al. 2003), T. nigromaculatus Tschudi (Wogel et al. 2000), T. resinifictrix (Goeldi) (Hero 1990; Schiesari et al. 1996), and T. typhonius (Linnaeus) (Pyburn 1967; Duellman 1970; Schiesari et al. 1996). The oral cavity is described only for T. cunauaru (Grillitsch 1992), T. resinifictrix (Schiesari et al. 1996), and T. typhonius (Schiesari et al. 1996; Fabrezi & Vera 1997).

The tadpole of Dendropsophus branneri (Cochran, 1948) (Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae).

Dendropsophus branneri is a small treefrog largely distributed throughout the Tropical Atlantic and Caatinga morphoclimatic domains (see Ab'Sáber 1977 for morphoclimatic domains), from northeastern to southeastern Brazil [Lutz 1973, Frost 2014; see Zina et al. 2014 for taxonomic comments on D. minusculus (Rivero, 1971) and D. branneri]. This species is currently placed in the D. microcephalus species group according to Bastos & Pombal (1996) and Faivovich et al. (2005). The D. microcephalus group comprises 36 species (Frost 2014), 14 of which have known tadpoles. Here, we describe the external morphology and color patterns of the previously unknown tadpole of D. branneri.

Unexpected phylogenetic positions of the genera Rupirana and Crossodactylodes reveal insights into the biogeography and reproductive evolution of leptodactylid frogs.

Despite major progress in deciphering the amphibian tree of life by molecular phylogenetics, we identified two questions remaining to be answered regarding relationships within Hyloidea, the clade of South American origin that comprises most extant anuran diversity. A few genera like Rupirana and Crossodactylodes have enigmatic phylogenetic positions, and relationships among major lineages within some families like Leptodactylidae remain ambiguous. To resolve these specific questions we used two approaches (1) a complete matrix approach representing >6.6 kb, including most major Hyloidea lineages (61 terminals) combining different methods of phylogenetic reconstruction and measures of node support; and (2) a supermatrix approach >11.6 kb with a focus on Leptodactylidae. Both Rupirana and Crossodactylodes are unambiguously grouped with Paratelmatobius and Scythrophrys. The clade comprising these four genera is named Crossodactylodinae and embedded within Leptodactylidae. Crossodactylodinae is moderately supported as sister group of Leptodactylinae from (1) and as the sister group of the other Leptodactylidae from (2) with low support. Genera within Crossodactylodinae are scattered along a north-south axis in the Atlantic forest and their origins are very ancient (Paleocene). Such results stress the importance of the northern Atlantic forest in terms of conservation. Moreover, the position of Pseudopaludicola, which is well supported as the sister group to all other Leiuperinae, suggests that foam-nest building may have arisen independently in Leptodactylinae and Leiuperinae. Moreover, in spite of being of similar age, foam-nest builders are more widespread than nonfoam-nest breeders and have higher species diversity. Nevertheless, the bulk of the diversity within foam-nest breeders arose some 20 Myr later than the character itself.

Girinos de três espécies de Aplastodiscus Lutz, 1950 (Anura - Hylidae) ocorrentes no Estado da Bahia, Brasil / Tadpoles of three species of Aplastodiscus Lutz, 1950 (Anura - Hylidae) occurring in the State of Bahia, Brazil

Nós estudamos a morfologia dos girinos de Aplastodiscus sibilatus (Cruz, Pimenta, & Silvano, 2003); Aplastodiscus cavicola (Cruz & Peixoto, 1985) Aplastodiscus ibirapitanga (Cruz, Pimenta, & Silvano, 2003) e a comparamos com os girinos de outras espécies do grupo Aplastodiscus albosignatus disponíveis na literatura. Os resultados reforçam um dos dois agrupamentos do complexo de A. albosignatus propostos na literatura, que inclui A. cavicola, A. ibirapitanga e A. leucopygius. Os girinos das espécies deste grupo apresentam "gap" no lábio anterior, três reentrâncias no lábio posterior, fórmula dentária 2(2)/4(1) e distância internasal maior do que as distâncias entre as bordas internas das órbitas dos olhos. Para outro grupo, no qual A. sibilatus está incluído, não observamos nenhuma característica em comum. Girinos de A. sibilatus se diferenciaram dos girinos das demais espécies de Aplastodicus pela fórmula dentária variável 4(1,4)/7(1), 4(1,4)/6(1), 4(1,2,4)/6(1) e 3(1,3)/5(1).

We studied the morphology of tadpoles of Aplastodiscus sibilatus (Cruz, Pimenta, & Silvano, 2003); Aplastodiscus cavicola (Cruz & Peixoto, 1985) and Aplastodiscus ibirapitanga (Cruz, Pimenta, & Silvano, 2003) and compared it with tadpoles of other species of Aplastodiscus albosignatus group available in literature. The results reinforce one of the two species groups of A. albosignatus complex, which includes A. cavicola, A. ibirapitanga and A. leucopygius. Tadpoles of species of this group have anterior lip gap, three indentations in the posterior lip, labial tooth row formula 2(2)/4(1) and internarial distance greater than the distance between inner margins of the eyes orbits. For another group, in which A. sibilatus is included, we did not observe any characteristic in common. Tadpoles of A. sibilatus differ from those of other Aplastodiscus species by the dental formula variable 4(1,4)/7(1), 4(1,4)/6(1), 4(1,2,4)/6(1) e 3(1,3)/5(1).

Anurans of the Reserva Ecológica da Michelin, Municipality of Igrapiúna, State of Bahia, Brazil / Anuros da Reserva Ecológica da Michelin, Município de Igrapiúna, Estado da Bahia, Brasil

We studied the richness and distribution of anuran species on different breeding sites at the Reserva Ecológica da Michelin (13° 50' S and 39° 10' W, approximately 90-400 m above sea level), Municipality of Igrapiúna, Bahia State, Brazil. The reserve includes fragments of Atlantic Rain Forest varying from 140 to 650 ha. Five types of environments were sampled: leaf litter inside forest fragments, streams inside forest fragments, dam on the edge of forest fragment, temporary pond inside forest, and temporary ponds inside banana and rubber groves along the eastern boundary of the reserve. We used active and passive sampling methods for surveys of amphibians, between March 2007 and December 2008. We captured 48 species distributed in 10 families (number of species in parentheses): Aromobatidae (1), Brachycephalidae (4), Bufonidae (2), Craugastoridae (1), Centrolenidae (1), Cycloramphidae (3), Hylidae (29), Leiuperidae (1), Leptodactylidae (3), and Microhylidae (3). Temporary ponds presented the highest number of species in reproductive activity (19 species in native forested areas, and 21 in plantation areas), while leaf litter presented the lowest (6 species). Two species were found in bromeliads (Phyllodytes melanomystax and P. luteolus). Twenty-two species were exclusive to fragments of forest, 11 were found only in anthropized areas (dam, and rubber and banana plantations) and 15 in both environments. Aplastodiscus cavicola and Dendropsophus giesleri had their geographic distribution extended to the State of Bahia. Phasmahyla timbo and Chiasmocleis cordeiroi known only from their type localities were found in the reserve.

Nós estudamos a riqueza e distribuição de espécies de anuros em diferentes locais de reprodução na Reserva Ecológica da Michelin (13° 50' S e 39° 10' O, aproximadamente 90-400 m acima do nível do mar), Município de Igrapiúna, Estado da Bahia, Brasil. A reserva inclui fragmentos de Mata Atlântica, variando entre 140 a 650 ha. Cinco tipos de ambientes foram amostrados: serapilheira no interior dos fragmentos de mata, córregos no interior dos fragmentos de mata, represa na borda de um fragmento de mata, poça temporária no interior de fragmento de mata e poças temporárias em seringal e bananal ao longo da margem leste da reserva. Nós usamos métodos amostrais ativos e passivos para captura dos anfíbios, entre março de 2007 e dezembro de 2008. Capturamos 48 espécies distribuídas em 10 famílias (número de espécies entre parênteses): Aromobatidae (1), Brachycephalidae (4), Bufonidae (2), Craugastoridae (1), Centrolenidae (1), Cycloramphidae (3), Hylidae (29), Leiuperidae (1), Leptodactylidae (3), and Microhylidae (3). Nas poças temporárias foi registrado o mais alto número de espécies em atividade reprodutiva (19 em áreas de floresta e 21 em áreas de plantações), enquanto a serapilheira apresentou o número mais baixo (6 espécies). Duas espécies foram encontradas em bromélias (Phyllodytes melanomystax e P. luteolus). Vinte e duas espécies foram exclusivas do interior dos fragmentos de floresta, 9 foram encontradas somente em áreas antropizadas (represa, seringais e bananais) e 15 em ambos os ambientes. Aplastodiscus cavicola e Dendropsophus giesleri tiveram suas distribuições geográficas estendidas para o Estado da Bahia. Phasmahyla timbo e Chiasmocleis cordeiroi, conhecidas somente para suas localidades-tipo, foram encontradas na reserva.

Diversidade e uso de hábitat por anfíbios anuros em duas localidades de Mata Atlântica, no norte do estado da Bahia / Anuran diversity and habitat use in two localities of Atlantic forest in north of Bahia state

A composição e abundância da anurofauna, bem como a distribuição das espécies em locais de reprodução, foram determinados em duas localidades na Mata Atlântica, norte do estado da Bahia. A Serra da Jibóia (SJ) é um maciço montanhoso com altitude máxima de 800 m, localizada em uma área de transição entre Caatinga e Mata Atlântica. A Reserva Sapiranga (RS) é um fragmento de mata a 200 m de altitude e localizado próximo ao litoral. Nas duas localidades, os seguintes hábitats foram amostrados: folhedo/sub-bosque, bromélias terrícolas, poças temporárias, poças permanentes e riachos. Ao longo de 10 meses de 2001, foram realizadas coletas noturnas, totalizando 14 noites de amostragem na Reserva Sapiranga (RS) e 12 na Serra da Jibóia (SJ). Um total 45 espécies foram registradas, sendo que apenas sete foram comuns às duas localidades. Na SJ, mais espécies (n = 14) estiveram associadas ao folhedo/sub-bosque do que aos outros sítios reprodutivos, incluindo Frostius pernambusencis e Eleutherodactylus ramagii, duas das três espécies mais abundantes nessa localidade. Na RS, as poças temporárias foram os hábitats que apresentaram maior número de espécies (n = 18), incluindo também as duas mais abundantes (Leptodactylus natalensis e Scinax sp. grupo ruber) nessa localidade. Estas diferenças podem ser atribuídas as diferenças de altitude, vegetação e condições do folhedo nas duas localidades. Neste estudo foi registrado o aumento na área de distribuição de Leptodactylus mystaceus, Eleutherodactylus bilinetus, E. vinhai, Sphaenorhynchus prasinus e Phyllodytes melanomystax.

The composition and abundance of anurofauna, as well as its distribution among reproductive sites in two localities of Atlantic forest in northern Bahia state were studied. Serra da Jibóia (SJ) is a mountain range with maximum elevation of 800 m, located in a transitional area between Atlantic forest and Caatinga. Reserva Sapiranga (RS) is a fragment of forest with 200 m of elevation and located close to the coast. In both localities, we searched for frogs in the following habitats: leaf litter/understory, bromeliads, temporary ponds, permanent ponds and streams. Nocturnal collections were carried out through 10 months of 2001, totalizing 14 nights for RS and 12 nights for SJ. A total of 45 species were found, from which only seven were common to both localities. In SJ, more species were associated with the leaf litter/understory (n = 14) than the other reproductive sites, including two of the three more abundant species (Frostius penambucensis and Eleutherodactylus ramagii). In RS, temporary ponds were the reproductive sites that had greater species number (n = 18), also including the two of the most abundant species (Leptodactylus natalensis and Scinax sp. ruber group). These differences could be related to differences in elevation, vegetation and leaf litter conditions of Serra da Jibóia and Reserva Sapiranga. In this study, we extend the geographic distribution of Leptodactylus mystaceus, Eleutherodactylus bilineatus, E. vinhai, Sphaenorhynchus prasinus, Phyllodytes melanomystax.