Hipertensão arterial pulmonar: uso do realce tardio miocárdico pela ressonância magnética cardíaca na avaliação de risco / Pulmonary arterial hypertension: use of delayed contrast-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance in risk assessment

FUNDAMENTO: A hipertensão arterial pulmonar é uma doença grave e progressiva. O maior desafio clínico é seu diagnóstico precoce. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a presença e a extensão do realce tardio miocárdico pela ressonância magnética cardíaca bem como verificar se o percentual da massa de fibrose miocárdica é indicador de gravidade. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com 30 pacientes com hipertensão arterial pulmonar dos grupos I e IV, submetidos às avaliações clínica, funcional e hemodinâmica, e à ressonância magnética cardíaca. RESULTADOS: A média de idade dos pacientes foi de 52 anos, com predomínio do gênero feminino (77%). Dentre os pacientes, 53% apresentavam insuficiência ventricular direita ao diagnóstico, e 90% encontravam-se em classe funcional II/III. A média do teste de caminhada de 6 minutos foi de 395 m. No estudo hemodinâmico com o cateterismo direito, a média da pressão arterial pulmonar foi de 53,3 mmHg, do índice cardíaco de 2,1 L/min.m², e a mediana da pressão atrial direita foi de 13,5 mmHg. Realce tardio do miocárdio pela ressonância magnética cardíaca foi encontrado em 28 pacientes. A mediana da massa de fibrose foi 9,9 g e do percentual da massa de fibrose de 6,17%. A presença de classe funcional IV, insuficiência ventricular direita ao diagnóstico, teste de caminhada de 6 minutos < 300 metros e pressão atrial direita > 15 mmHg, com índice cardíaco < 2,0 L/min.m², teve associação significativa com maior percentual de fibrose miocárdica. CONCLUSÃO: O percentual da massa de fibrose miocárdica mostra-se um marcador não invasivo com perspectivas promissoras na identificação do paciente portador de hipertensão pulmonar com fatores de alto risco.

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a severe and progressive disease. Its early diagnosis is the greatest clinical challenge. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the presence and extension of the delayed myocardial contrast-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance, as well as to verify if the percentage of the myocardial fibrosis mass is a severity predictor. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with 30 patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension of groups I and IV, subjected to clinical, functional and hemodynamic evaluation, and to cardiac magnetic resonance. RESULTS: The mean age of patients was 52 years old, with female predominance (77%). Among the patients, 53% had right ventricular failure at diagnosis, and 90% were in functional class II/III. The mean of the 6-minute walk test was 395m. In hemodynamic study with right catheterism, the mean average pulmonary arterial pressure was 53.3mmHg, of the cardiac index of 2.1L/ min.m², and median right atrial pressure was 13.5 mmHg. Delayed myocardial contrast-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance was found in 28 patients. The mean fibrosis mass was 9.9 g and the median percentage of fibrosis mass was 6.17%. The presence of functional class IV, right ventricular failure at diagnosis, 6-minute walk test < 300 meters and right atrial pressure > 15mmHg, with cardiac index < 2.0L/ min.m², there was a relevant association with the increased percentage of myocardial fibrosis. CONCLUSION: The percentage of the myocardial fibrosis mass indicates a non-invasive marker with promising perspectives in identifying patients with high risk factors for pulmonary hypertension.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension: use of delayed contrast-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance in risk assessment.

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a severe and progressive disease. Its early diagnosis is the greatest clinical challenge. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the presence and extension of the delayed myocardial contrast-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance, as well as to verify if the percentage of the myocardial fibrosis mass is a severity predictor. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with 30 patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension of groups I and IV, subjected to clinical, functional and hemodynamic evaluation, and to cardiac magnetic resonance. RESULTS: The mean age of patients was 52 years old, with female predominance (77%). Among the patients, 53% had right ventricular failure at diagnosis, and 90% were in functional class II/III. The mean of the 6-minute walk test was 395 m. In hemodynamic study with right catheterism, the mean average pulmonary arterial pressure was 53.3 mmHg, of the cardiac index of 2.1 L/min.m(2), and median right atrial pressure was 13.5 mmHg. Delayed myocardial contrast-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance was found in 28 patients. The mean fibrosis mass was 9.9 g and the median percentage of fibrosis mass was 6.17%. The presence of functional class IV, right ventricular failure at diagnosis, 6-minute walk test < 300 meters and right atrial pressure > 15 mmHg, with cardiac index < 2.0 L/min.m(2), there was a relevant association with the increased percentage of myocardial fibrosis. CONCLUSION: The percentage of the myocardial fibrosis mass indicates a non-invasive marker with promising perspectives in identifying patients with high risk factors for pulmonary hypertension.

Ressonância magnética na síndrome da interseção do antebraço: ensaio iconográfico / Magnetic resonance imaging in intersection syndrome of the forearm: iconographic essay

A ressonância magnética tem papel importante na avaliação de pacientes com dor na face dorsal do antebraço distal e do punho. Entre as causas de dor destaca-se a síndrome da interseção, um processo inflamatório dos tendões do segundo compartimento extensor do antebraço (extensor radial curto do carpo e extensor radial longo do carpo), geralmente provocado por trauma local direto ou atividades repetitivas que exigem a flexão e extensão do punho. Nosso trabalho visa a ilustrar os achados típicos da síndrome da interseção do antebraço e discutir os principais diagnósticos diferenciais.

Magnetic resonance imaging plays a relevant role in the assessment of patients with pain on the dorsal aspect of the distal forearm and wrist. Among the causes of pain, intersection syndrome is highlighted, corresponding to an inflammatory process affecting the tendons of the second compartment of the forearm extensor (extensor carpi radialis brevis and extensor carpi radialis longus), usually caused by direct trauma or repetitive activities requiring wrist flexion and extension. The present essay is aimed at illustrating the typical findings in intersection syndrome of the forearm and discuss the main differential diagnoses.

Left and right ventricular function and volume assessment in young thalassemia major patients with no related myocardial iron overload.

Thalassemia major (TM) patients have altered ventricular volumes and ejection fraction compared to normals, although evidence for these findings stem from restricted patient groups and has never been reproduced. We sought to evaluate cardiac parameters by cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) in a group of young TM patients not covered by previous studies that are more representative of the TM population in many countries. Seventy patients including 40 TM with normal myocardial iron concentrations, and 30 age- and gender-matched normal (NL) volunteers underwent a CMR study for assessment of left and right ventricle volumes and function using a 1.5-T scanner. Left and right ventricle ejection fraction, indexed systolic and diastolic volumes, and indexed mass were compared between the two groups. Mean age of TM patients was 18.2 ± 7.1 versus 17.5 ± 8.5 years in NL with no significant differences (P = 0.73). There was no difference in left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction between the groups (TM 64.9 ± 5.7 %, NL 64.9 ± 5.2 %; P = 0.97). LV normalized end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes were significantly higher in patients with TM compared to NL volunteers (76.8 ± 19.4 versus 66.6 ± 11.7 mL/m², P = 0.008, and 27.0 ± 8.8 versus 23.6 ± 5.0 mL/m², P = 0.045). LV indexed mass was also higher in TM patients compared to NL (51.2 ± 11.9 versus 42.0 ± 8.5 g/m², P < 0.001). No significant differences were observed in right ventricular parameters. In conclusion, younger patients with TM do not present different left or right ventricular function values compared to normal controls despite having increased left ventricular volumes and mass.

Avaliação por ressonância magnética das fístulas perianais: ensaio iconográfico / Magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of perianal fistulas: iconographic essay

A fístula perianal é uma condição incomum com tendência a recorrência, que usualmente é decorrente de infecção prévia não observada à cirurgia. A ressonância magnética mostra com acurácia a anatomia da região e a relação da fístula com o diafragma pélvico e a fossa isquiorretal, classificando-a em cinco tipos. A ressonância magnética é superior a qualquer outra modalidade para a detecção de focos infecciosos na região perianal, incluindo a exploração cirúrgica. Tem a capacidade de guiar o procedimento cirúrgico, reduzindo a taxa de recorrência em 75 por cento em pacientes com doença complexa.

Fistula in ano is an uncommon condition that has a tendency to recur despite seemingly appropriate surgery. Recurrent fistula in ano is usually caused by infection that was missed during surgical exploration. Magnetic resonance imaging has been shown to accurately demonstrate the anatomy of the perianal region as well as the fistula's relationship with the pelvic diaphragm and ischiorectal fossa, allowing the classification of fistulas into five types. Magnetic resonance imaging depicts infectious foci in the perianal region better than any other investigation modality, including surgical exploration. Magnetic resonance image-guided surgery helps to reduce postoperative recurrence by 75 percent in patients with complex disease.

Ressonância magnética na endometriose do trato urinário baixo: ensaio iconográfico / Magnetic resonance imaging in lower urinary tract endometriosis: iconographic essay

Endometriose é definida como a presença de tecido endometrial funcionante fora da cavidade endometrial e do miométrio. É uma doença comum, de causas multifatoriais, porém o envolvimento do trato urinário baixo é raro. A ressonância magnética tem elevada sensibilidade, especificidade e acurácia no diagnóstico da endometriose do trato geniturinário baixo, principalmente por permitir a identificação das lesões de permeio a aderências e a avaliação da extensão das lesões subperitoneais. Neste estudo são ilustrados, sob a forma de ensaio iconográfico, os principais achados à ressonância magnética do envolvimento por endometriose do trato urinário baixo.

Endometriosis is defined as the presence of functional endometrial tissue outside the endometrial cavity and myometrium. Although this is a frequent disease with multifactorial causes, involvement of the lower urinary tract is rare. Magnetic resonance imaging is highly sensitive, specific and accurate in the diagnosis of endometriosis in the lower urinary tract, especially for allowing the identification of lesions obscured by adhesions or with subperitoneal extension. The present iconographic essay presents the main magnetic resonance imaging findings of the lower urinary tract involvement by endometriosis.