Liberal red blood cell transfusions impair quality of life after cardiac surgery / La transfusión liberal de concentrado de hematíes deteriora la calidad de vida después de la cirugía cardíaca

Background: The optimal blood management after cardiac surgery remains controversial. Moreover, blood transfusions may have an impact on long-term outcomes. Objective: The aim of this study is to characterize the impact of liberal red blood cell transfusions on Health-Related Quality of life (HRQoL) after cardiac surgery. Methods: We studied a cohort of 205 consecutive patients after ICU discharge. Baseline characteristics and clinical data were recorded, and HRQoL was assessed using the EuroQoL-5D instrument, applied 6 months after ICU discharge. A specific question regarding the improvement in the quality of life after the surgical intervention was added to the HRQoL questionnaire. Risk factors related to impaired quality of life were identified using univariate comparisons and multivariate regression techniques. Results: The median (interquartile range, IQR) of transfused red blood cells was 3 (1-4). Among 205 patients, 178 were studied 6 months after discharge. Impairment in at least one dimension of the EuroQoL-5D questionnaire was observed in 120 patients, with an overall score of 0.8 (IQR 0.61-1). The number of red blood cell transfusions was related to an impaired HRQoL (OR 1.17 per additional unit, 95% confidence interval 1.03-1.36, p=0.03), a trend to lower visual analog scale score (coefficient −0.75 per additional unit, 95% confidence interval −1.61 to 0.1, p=0.09) and an absence of improvement in HRQoL after surgery compared to the previous status (OR 1.13, 95% confidence interval 1.03-1.25, p=0.01). Conclusions: Liberal red blood cell transfusions increase the risk of impaired HRQoL after cardiac surgery

Antecedentes: El manejo óptimo de la sangre después de cirugía cardíaca sigue siendo controvertido. Objetivo: Analizar el impacto de la transfusión liberal de concentrado de hematíes (CdH) sobre la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS) después de la cirugía cardíaca. Métodos: Se estudió una cohorte de 205 pacientes consecutivos. Se registraron las características basales y los datos clínicos, y se evaluó la CVRS utilizando el EuroQoL-5D, 6 meses después del alta de la UCI. Se añadió una pregunta específica sobre la mejoría de la CVRS tras la cirugía cardiaca. Los factores de riesgo relacionados con la alteración de la CVRS se identificaron mediante el uso de comparaciones univariadas y técnicas de regresión multivariante. Resultados: La mediana (rango intercuartílico [IQR]) de los CdH transfundidos fue de 3 (1-4). De 205 pacientes, 178 fueron estudiados 6 meses después del alta, 120 pacientes (67%) mostraron deficiencias en alguna dimensión del cuestionario EuroQoL-5D, con un puntaje general de 0,8 (IQR: 0,61-1). El número de transfusiones de CdH se relacionó con una CVRS deteriorada (OR: 1,17 por unidad adicional; intervalo de confianza del 95%: 1,03-1,36; p=0,03), menor escala analógica visual (coeficiente: −0,75 por unidad adicional, intervalo de confianza del 95%: −1,61-0,1; p=0,09) y una ausencia de mejoría en la CVRS después de la cirugía en comparación con el estado previo (OR: 1,13; intervalo de confianza del 95%: 1,03-1,25; p=0,01). Conclusión: La transfusión liberal de CdH aumenta el riesgo de deterioro de la CVRS después de la cirugía cardíaca

Liberal red blood cell transfusions impair quality of life after cardiac surgery.

BACKGROUND: The optimal blood management after cardiac surgery remains controversial. Moreover, blood transfusions may have an impact on long-term outcomes. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to characterize the impact of liberal red blood cell transfusions on Health-Related Quality of life (HRQoL) after cardiac surgery. METHODS: We studied a cohort of 205 consecutive patients after ICU discharge. Baseline characteristics and clinical data were recorded, and HRQoL was assessed using the EuroQoL-5D instrument, applied 6 months after ICU discharge. A specific question regarding the improvement in the quality of life after the surgical intervention was added to the HRQoL questionnaire. Risk factors related to impaired quality of life were identified using univariate comparisons and multivariate regression techniques. RESULTS: The median (interquartile range, IQR) of transfused red blood cells was 3 (1-4). Among 205 patients, 178 were studied 6 months after discharge. Impairment in at least one dimension of the EuroQoL-5D questionnaire was observed in 120 patients, with an overall score of 0.8 (IQR 0.61-1). The number of red blood cell transfusions was related to an impaired HRQoL (OR 1.17 per additional unit, 95% confidence interval 1.03-1.36, p=0.03), a trend to lower visual analog scale score (coefficient -0.75 per additional unit, 95% confidence interval -1.61 to 0.1, p=0.09) and an absence of improvement in HRQoL after surgery compared to the previous status (OR 1.13, 95% confidence interval 1.03-1.25, p=0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Liberal red blood cell transfusions increase the risk of impaired HRQoL after cardiac surgery.

Effects of region of birth, educational level and age on late presentation among men who have sex with men newly diagnosed with HIV in a network of STI/HIV counselling and testing clinics in Spain.

This paper analyses late presentation (LP) of HIV infection, and its determinants, among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Spain, newly diagnosed with HIV (2003-2011) in 15 sexually transmitted infection/HIV counselling and testing clinics. LP was defined as <350 CD4 cells/µL or AIDS. In total, 3,081 MSM were included (2,499 having CD4/AIDS); overall LP was 25.3%. LP was higher in men older than 34 years, those not previously HIV-tested (adjusted odds ratio (aOR):3.1; 95% confidence intervals (CI):2.3-4.2) , and those tested > 12 months before diagnosis (12-24 months (aOR:1.4; 95% CI:1.0-2.0); > 24 months (aOR:2.2; 95% CI:1.7-3.0)). LP was less likely in MSM reporting a known HIV-infected partner as infection source or symptoms compatible with acute retroviral syndrome. 'Region of birth' interacted with 'educational level' and 'steady partner as infection source': only African and Latin-American MSM with low educational level were more likely to present late; Latin-American men attributing their infection to steady partner, but no other MSM, had LP more frequently. In Spain, HIV testing among MSM should be promoted, especially those > 34 years old and migrants with low educational level. The current recommendation that MSM be tested at least once a year is appropriate.

Trends in HIV testing, prevalence among first-time testers, and incidence in most-at-risk populations in Spain: the EPI-VIH Study, 2000 to 2009.

During 2000 to 2009, data on people undergoing HIV testing and on those newly diagnosed with HIV were collected in a network of 20 Spanish clinics specialising in sexually transmitted infections and/or HIV testing and counselling. The number of tests performed, overall and disaggregated by different variables, was obtained. HIV prevalence among first-time testers and HIV incidence among repeat testers were calculated. To evaluate trends, joinpoint regression models were fitted. In total, 236,939 HIV tests were performed for 165,745 individuals. Overall HIV prevalence among persons seeking HIV testing was 2.5% (95% CI: 2.4 to 2.6). Prevalence was highest in male sex workers who had sex with other men (19.0% (95% CI: 16.7 to 21.4)) and was lowest in female sex workers (0.8% (95% CI: 0.7 to 0.9)). Significant trends in prevalence were observed in men who have sex with men (MSM) (increasing) and heterosexual individuals (decreasing). The incidence analysis included 30,679 persons, 64,104 person-years (py) of follow-up and 642 seroconversions. The overall incidence rate (IR) was 1.0/100 py (95% CI: 0.9/100 to 1.1/100). Incidence was significantly higher in men and transgender females than in women (1.8/100 py (95% CI: 1.6 to 1.9), 1.2/100 py (95% CI: 0.5 to 2.8) and 0.1/100 py (95% CI: 0.09 to 0.2) respectively) and increased with age until 35­39 years. IRs in MSM and people who inject drugs were significantly greater than in heterosexual individuals (2.5/100 py (95% CI: 2.3 to 2.7), 1.6/100 py (95% CI: 1.1 to 2.2) and 0.1/100 py (95% CI: 0.09 to 0.2) respectively), and an upward trend was observed in MSM. Our results call for HIV prevention to be reinforced in MSM and transgender women in Spain.

Genotyping Chlamydia trachomatis strains among men who have sex with men from a Northern Spain region: a cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of anorectal Chlamydia trachomatis serovars in a group of men who have sex with men (MSM) with high risk sexual behaviour, attendees at a sexually transmitted infection (STI) unit from a region in Northwest Spain. DESIGN: Retrospective and descriptive study of all swabs obtained from all MSM attendees at an STI unit, from 2007 to 2011. Retrospective ethical approval was granted by the Ethical Regional Committee of Clinical Investigation of the Principality of Asturias. SETTING: The STI clinic in Oviedo, Spain, offers screening and free-of-charge treatment to about 3646 patients per year. PARTICIPANTS: 303 symptomatic and asymptomatic consecutive and unselected MSM patients (mean age 36.7 and range 21-55 years) were evaluated for anorectal chlamydial infection. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: C trachomatis DNA extraction and detection in all rectal and in 36 urethral swabs. Characterisation of C trachomatis genotypes through sequencing of ompA gene amplicons and further phylogenetic tree analysis. RESULTS: We found 40 (13. 2%) positive rectal samples. The distribution of genotypes was E (37. 5%) followed by G (25%), D (12. 5%), J (10%) and L2b (5%).25 (62.5%, 95% CI 46.2 to 78.7) of the chlamydia-infected MSM showed clinical manifestations while 15 (37.5%, 95% CI 21.25 to 53.75) reported no symptoms. Concurrent infection with other STIs was documented in 27 (67.5%, 95% CI 51.7 to 83.2) patients. The most frequently reported clinical symptom was anal ulcer (7 cases, 17.5%; 95% CI 4.47 to 30.52). E genotype was mostly detected in asymptomatic patients. There were non-E genotypes detected in 21 (84%, 95% CI 63.9 to 95.5) of 25 symptomatic patients (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The first two confirmed cases of lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) in MSM in Asturias are reported, probably indicating the increase of this infection. The Spanish C trachomatis laboratory-based surveillance system may underlie an underestimated number of chlamydial infections. Whenever mild and atypical symptoms exist, laboratory evaluation would contribute to the early implementation of appropriate therapy and prevent LGV dissemination.

HIV/STI co-infection among men who have sex with men in Spain.

In Spain, neither the HIV nor the STI national surveillance systems collect information on HIV/STI co-infection. However, there are two networks based on HIV/STI clinics which gather this data. We describe HIV prevalence in men who have sex with men (MSM) diagnosed with infectious syphilis and/or gonorrhoea in 15 STI clinics; and concurrent diagnoses of STI in MSM newly diagnosed with HIV in 19 HIV/STI clinics. In total, 572 MSM were diagnosed with infectious syphilis and 580 with gonorrhoea during 2005-2007. HIV prevalence among syphilis and gonorrhoea cases was 29.8% and 15.2% respectively. In the multivariate analysis, HIV/syphilis co-infection was associated with being Latin American; having a history of STI; reporting exclusively anal intercourse; and having sex with casual or several types of partners. HIV and gonorrhoea co-infection was associated with age older than 45 years; having no education or only primary education completed; and having a history of STI. In total, 1,462 HIV infections were newly diagnosed among MSM during 2003-2007. Of these, 31.0% were diagnosed with other STI at the same time. Factors associated with STI co-infection among new HIV cases in MSM were being Latin American; and having sex with casual partners or with both steady and casual partners. In Spain, a considerable proportion of MSM are co-infected with HIV and STI.

Investigación de infecciones de transmisión sexual en varones heterosexuales asintomáticos pareja de mujeres con neoplasia cervical intraepitelial / Research on sexually transmitted infections in asymptomatic heterosexual males whose partners have cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

Introducción. Los virus del papiloma humano (VPH) son los agentes etiológicos de las verrugas genitales y de la neoplasia cervical intraepitelial (CIN), siendo su mecanismo de transmisión la vía sexual. El objeto de este estudio es determinar la prevalencia de infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS) en varones heterosexuales asintomáticos que acuden a la consulta en busca de consejo después de haber diagnosticado a su pareja una CIN. Métodos. Se estudiaron 181 varones asintomáticos, pareja de mujeres con diagnóstico de CIN, en la unidad de ITS en Gijón durante un período de 5 años (1999-2003). Se empleó el mismo protocolo diagnóstico en todos los casos: examen clínico, genitoscopia y obtención de muestras para cultivo de bacterias, hongos y Trichomonas, así como muestras para la detección genómica de Chlamydia y serología de sífilis, virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) y virus de las hepatitis. Resultados. Se diagnosticaron 101 infecciones en 85 pacientes (47 %), que por orden de mayor prevalencia fueron: uretritis por Ureaplasma urealyticum (35 de 181; 19,3 %), verrugas genitales (31 de 181; 17,1 %), Haemophilus spp. (12 de 181; 6,6 %) y balanopostitis micótica (10 de 181; 5,5 %). Conclusiones. La prevalencia de ITS en las parejas de mujeres con CIN es elevada, y en estos casos es necesario establecer programas de detección y control de ITS en ambos miembros de la pareja

Introduction. Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are the etiological agents of genital warts and of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), and they are sexually transmitted. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STI) in asymptomatic heterosexual males who consult their physicians seeking advice after their partners have been diagnosed with CIN. Methods. 181 asymptomatic males whose partners were women diagnosed with CIN were studied at the STI unit in Gijón over a five-year period (1999-2003). The same diagnostic protocol was used in all cases: clinical exam, genitoscopy and the taking of samples for bacterial, fungus and Trichomonas cultures, as well as samples for the genomic detection of Chlamydia, and syphilis, HIV and viral hepatitis serology. Results. 101 infections were diagnosed in 85 patients (47 %). By order of greatest prevalence, these were: urethritis from Ureaplasma urealyticum (35/181; 19.3 %), genital warts (31/181; 17.1 %), Haemophilus spp. (12 de 181; 6.6 %) and mycotic balanoposthitis (10/181; 5.5 %). Conclusions. The prevalence of STI in the partners of women with CIN is high, and in these cases it is necessary to establish STI detection and control programs in both members of the couple

Procalcitonina para el diagnóstico de sepsis neonatal de transmisión vertical / Procalcitonin for the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis of vertical transmission

Objetivo: Evaluar la utilidad de la procalcitonina (PCT) para el diagnóstico de sepsis neonatal de transmisión vertical y comparar sus resultados con los marcadores de sepsis más utilizados. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio prospectivo sobre 136 muestras de 69 recién nacidos ingresados en un servicio de neonatología. Se midieron la PCT, proteína C reactiva (PCR), recuento leucocitario e índice de neutrófilos inmaduros/totales (índice I/T). Se construyó el rango de normalidad de la PCT entre 0 y 72 h de vida y se calculó la eficacia diagnóstica de los marcadores de infección estudiados con sus intervalos de confianza del 95 % (IC 95 %). Resultados: Se incluyeron 35 controles, 24 neonatos con procesos no infecciosos y 10 diagnosticados de sepsis (cinco con confirmación bacteriológica). PCT, PCR e índice I/T mostraron capacidad diagnóstica, con áreas bajo la curva COR de 0,696 (p 5 0,009), 0,735 (p 5 0,002) y 0,703 (p 5 0,006), respectivamente, sin diferencias estadísticamente significativas. El rendimiento mejoró a partir de las 24 h de vida para PCT, PCR y recuento leucocitario, con áreas bajo la curva COR de 0,813 (p 5 0,007), 0,826 (p 5 0,005) y 0,841 (p 5 0,003), respectivamente. Globalmente la PCT detectó sepsis de transmisión vertical con sensibilidad del 68,4 % (IC 95 %: 46,0-84,6), especificidad 82,4 % (IC 95 %: 72,2-89,4), cociente de probabilidades del positivo 3,89 (IC 95 %: 2,18-6,96) y cociente de probabilidades del negativo 0,38 (IC 95 %: 0,19-0,76), similares a la PCR. Conclusiones: La PCT puede ser una herramienta útil para el diagnóstico de sepsis de transmisión vertical. Es necesario disponer de estudios con mayor número de pacientes

Objective: To evaluate procalcitonin (PCT) as a diagnostic marker of neonatal sepsis of vertical transmission and to compare the results of PCT with those of the most widely used laboratory tests for sepsis. Patients and Methods: A prospective study was conducted in 136 blood samples from 69 newborn infants admitted to a neonatal department. PCT, C-reactive protein (CRP), leukocyte count, and the immature-to-total neutrophil ratio (I/T ratio) were measured. The PCT reference range of controls from 0 to 72 hours of life was constructed, and the diagnostic efficiency of the tests was calculated, with their 95 % confidence intervals (95 % CI). Results: This study included 35 controls, 24 neonates with noninfectious disorders, and 10 neonates with sepsis (5 with culture-proven sepsis). PCT, CRP, and the I/T ratio discriminated septic from nonseptic patients. Their areas under the ROC curve were 0.696 (p 5 0.009), 0.735 (p 5 0.002), and 0.703 (p 5 0.006), respectively, with no statistically significant differences. The accuracy of PCT, CRP, and leukocyte count improved after 24 hours of life with areas under the ROC curve of 0.813 (p 5 0.007), 0.826 (p 5 0.005), and 0.841 (p 5 0.003), respectively. Overall, PCT detected vertically transmitted sepsis with a sensitivity of 68.4 % (95 % CI: 46.0 %-84.6 %), specificity of 82.4 % (95 % CI: 72.2 %-89.4 %), positive likelihood ratio of 3.89 (95 % CI: 2.18 %-6.96 %), and negative likelihood ratio of 0.38 (95 % CI: 0.19 %-0.76 %), similar to those of CRP. Conclusions: PCT may be a useful marker for the diagnosis of vertically transmitted sepsis. Studies with larger sample sizes are required to establish the accuracy of PCT

Procalcitonina para el diagnóstico de sepsis neonatal de origen nosocomial / Procalcitonin for the diagnosis of nosocomial neonatal sepsis

Antecedentes: La sepsis nosocomial supone una de las mayores preocupaciones en las unidades de neonatología y, dada la falta de especificidad de sus síntomas, se hacen necesarias pruebas complementarias muy fiables para orientar el diagnóstico. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar la utilidad de la procalcitonina (PCT) para el diagnóstico de sepsis neonatal de origen nosocomial y comparar sus resultados con los marcadores de sepsis más utilizados. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio prospectivo realizado en una unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatales. Se incluyeron 20 casos de sepsis nosocomial y 20 controles de entre 4 y 30 días de vida. Se midieron la PCT, proteína C reactiva (PCR), recuento leucocitario e índice de neutrófilos inmaduros/totales (índice I/T) en el momento de la sospecha de sepsis. Se calculó la sensibilidad, especificidad, valores predictivos y cocientes de probabilidades del positivo (CPP) y del negativo (CPN) de los marcadores de infección estudiados. Resultados: PCT, PCR e índice I/T mostraron capacidad diagnóstica, con áreas bajo la curva COR de 0,849, 0,880 y 0,884, respectivamente, sin diferencias estadísticamente significativas. Los puntos de corte óptimos fueron: PCT >= 0,65 ng/ml (sensibilidad 85%; especificidad 80%; CPP 4,25; CPN 0,19), PCR >= 5 mg/ml (sensibilidad 80%; especificidad 95%; CPP 16; CPN 0,21) e índice I/T >= 0,03 (sensibilidad 90%; especificidad 75%; CPP 3,6; CPN 0,13). Conclusiones: La PCT puede ser una herramienta útil para el diagnóstico de sepsis nosocomial en neonatos, aunque es necesario disponer de estudios con mayor número de pacientes para poder comparar su rendimiento con el de otros marcadores de sepsis neonatal

Background: Nosocomial sepsis is a major problem in neonatal units. Because the clinical signs are nonspecific, highly reliable diagnostic markers are required to guide diagnosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the utility of procalcitonin (PCT) as a diagnostic marker for nosocomial neonatal sepsis, and to compare the results of PCT with those of the most widely used laboratory tests for sepsis. Patients and Methods: Twenty neonates with nosocomial sepsis and 20 controls aged 4-30 days were included in a prospective study performed in a neonatal intensive care unit. PCT, C-reactive protein (CRP), leukocyte count, and the immature-to-total neutrophil ratio (I/T ratio) were measured at onset of signs of infection. The sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratio for a positive (LR1) and a negative (LR­) result were calculated. Results: PCT, CRP, and the I/T ratio discriminated septic from nonseptic patients. Their areas under the ROC curve were 0.849, 0.880, and 0.884, respectively, with no statistically significant differences. Optimal cut-off values were: PCT >= 0.65 ng/ml (sensitivity 85 %, specificity 80 %, LR 1 4.25, LR­ 0.19), PCR >= 5 mg/ml (sensitivity 80 %, specificity 95 %, LR 1 16, LR­ 0.21), and I/T >= 0.03 (sensitivity 90 %, specificity 75 %, LR 1 3.6, LR­ 0.13). Conclusions: PCT may be a useful marker for the diagnosis of nosocomial neonatal sepsis. Studies with larger samples are required to compare the accuracy of PCT with that of other markers of sepsis

Rotación opioide a oxicodona: éxito en un caso de dolor neuropático / No disponible

El dolor es un síntoma común en pacientes con cáncer y el dolor neuropático está entre los tipos más difíciles de tratar. Los opioides han tenido un papel limitado en el tratamiento del dolor neuropático. Asociados aantidepresivos tricíclicos o a anticonvulsivantes han logrado un mayor alivio de este tipo de dolor pero su uso está a menudo limitado por sus efectos secundarios indeseables. Presentamos un caso de tumor de pulmón con dolor neuropático producido por compresión medular que fue tratado con éxito con oxicodona (AU)

Pain is a common symptom in patients with cancer and neuropathic pain is among the most difficult to treat type. Opioid treatment has played a limited role in the management of neuropathic pain. Opioids associated to tryciclic antidepressants or anticonvulsants have demonstrated a better relief of this type of pain but their use is limited by unwanted side effects. We report a case of a lung tumour with related neuropathic pain from spinal cord compression which was treated successfully with oxycodone (AU)

Ingresos hospitalarios entre los pacientes atendidos por una Unidad de Cuidados Paliativos domiciliarios / No disponible

Introducción: los pacientes atendidos por Unidades Domiciliarias de Cuidados Paliativos (UCPD) con frecuencia precisan ingreso hospitalario. Objetivos: estudio de las causas que motivan el ingreso de pacientes incluidos en un programa de atención domiciliaria de Cuidados Paliativos en una Unidad Hospitalaria de Cuidados Paliativos (UHCP). Método: estudio retrospectivo de las historias clínicas de pacientes atendidos por la UCPD de Cádiz que ingresaron en la UHCP del Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar de Cádiz. Resultados: durante el periodo de estudio (dos años) se produjeron 140 ingresos correspondientes a 105 pacientes de los 237 incluidos en el programa (44,30%). Los tumores que precisaron ingreso con más frecuencia fueron los de pulmón (33,33%), mama (12,38%) y colon (9,52%). La disnea fue la principal causa de ingreso (32,38%), seguido por la claudicación familiar (18,10%) y la realización de pruebas diagnóstico-terapéuticas (17,14%). Durante el ingreso fallecieron 85 pacientes (60,71% del total de ingresos). Sólo 32 ingresos fueron indicados por la UCPD. Más de la mitad de los ingresos se produjeron en fin de semana. Conclusiones: a pesar de nuestros esfuerzos un alto porcentaje de pacientes atendidos por una UCPD precisan ingreso hospitalario (AU)

Introduction: patients followed by a Palliative Home Care Team (PHCT) often need a hospital admission. Objectives: to study why patients included in a palliative home care program need hospitalization. Method: a retrospective study. The medical records of patients followed by a PHCT in Cádiz who were hospitalized in the Palliative Care Unit, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar were reviewed. Results: for two years we enrolled 237 patients. One hundred and five patients (44.30%) were derived to hospital (total: 140 admissions). Tumors most often found were: lung (33.33%), breast (12.38%), and colon (9.52%) tumors. Dyspnea was the main cause of hospitalization (32.38%), followed by giving up (18.10%) and diagnostic or therapeutic procedures (17.14%). During their stay in hospital 85 patients died (60.71% of total hospital admissions). Only 32 admissions were recommended by the PHCT. More than half of hospitalizations occurred in weekends. Conclusions: despite efforts, a high percentage of patients followed b ya PHCT need a hospital admission

[Clustering of cardiovascular risk factors in obese offspring of parents with essential hypertension]. / Agrupamiento de factores de riesgo cardiovascular en hijos obesos de padres con hipertensión esencial.

INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of obesity in industrialized countries is increasing and is closely related to essential hypertension (EHT) in adolescents. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the prevalence of obesity and its association with other known cardiovascular risk factors in a sample of children and young adults with at least one parent with EHT. METHODS: The EHT group consisted 51 children and young adults (28 males [aged 5.4-25.6 years]) with at least one parent with EHT. The control group comprised 73 healthy normotensive children and young adults (43 males [aged 7.2-25.2 years]) who completed the follow-up visits of the RICARDIN study. Blood pressure (BP) was measured with a standardized technique using a mercury sphygmomanometer. A 12-hour fasting blood sample was taken for lipid profile and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP) determinations. Financial support: FIS 03/0350, ESV Foundation Grant, 2003. RESULTS: The prevalence of obesity was five times higher in the EHT group than in controls (19.6% vs. 4.1%, p = 0.007). In this group, obese subjects showed higher systolic BP (122.0 vs. 110.4 mmHg p = 0.004) and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels (47.6 vs. 58.0 mg/dl, p < 0.05). After adjustment for age and systolic BP, obese subjects in the EHT group showed significantly higher CRP values than non-obese subjects in this group (p = 0.024). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of obesity is higher in the offspring of parents with EHT than in non HT-prone subjects. Clustering of other additional risk factors indicates the need for high-risk preventive interventions in this group of children and young adults.

Agrupamiento de factores de risgo cardiovascular en hijos obesos de padres con hipertensión esencial / Clustering of cardiovascular risk factors in obese offspring of parents with essential hypertension

Introducción. La prevalencia de obesidad está aumentando alarmantemente en países industrializados y se relaciona con el desarrollo de hipertensión arterial esencial (HTE) en adolescentes. Objetivo. Analizar la prevalencia de obesidad y su relación con otros factores de riesgo cardiovascular, en una muestra de niños y jóvenes en los que al menos uno de sus padres padecía HTE. Métodos. Grupo HTE: 51 niños y jóvenes, 28 varones (5,4-25,6 años) en los que al menos uno de sus padres padecía HTE. Grupo control: 73 niños y jóvenes sanos y normotensos, 43 varones (7,2-25,2 años) que completaron el seguimiento longitudinal del estudio RICARDIN. La presión arterial (PA) se midió mediante una técnica estandarizada con un esfigmomanómetro de mercurio. Determinación tras ayuno de 12 h de perfil lipídico y proteína C reactiva (PCR) ultrasensible. Resultados. La prevalencia de obesidad fue 5 veces mayor en hijos de HTE que en controles (19,6 % frente a 4,1 %, p 5 0,007). Los hijos obesos de padres HTE presentaron cifras mayores de PA sistólica (122,0 mmHg frente a 110,4 mmHg; p 5 0,004), y menores de colesterol HDL (47,6 mg/dl frente a 58,0 mg/dl; p < 0,05) que los no obesos. Ajustado por edad y PA sistólica, los descendientes obesos de padres HTE presentaron valores de PCR más altos que los no obesos (p 5 0,024). Conclusiones. En hijos de padres HTE se observa una alta prevalencia de obesidad. La coexistencia de éste con otros factores de riesgo cardiovascular hace patente la necesidad de aplicar medidas preventivas intensivas en este tipo de pacientes

Introduction. The prevalence of obesity in industrialized countries is increasing and is closely related to essential hypertension (EHT) in adolescents. Objective. To analyze the prevalence of obesity and its association with other known cardiovascular risk factors in a sample of children and young adults with at least one parent with EHT. Methods. The EHT group consisted 51 children and young adults (28 males [aged 5.4-25.6 years]) with at least one parent with EHT. The control group comprised 73 healthy normotensive children and young adults (43 males [aged 7.2-25.2 years]) who completed the follow-up visits of the RICARDIN study. Blood pressure (BP) was measured with a standardized technique using a mercury sphygmomanometer. A 12-hour fasting blood sample was taken for lipid profile and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP) determinations. Financial support: FIS 03/0350, ESV Foundation Grant, 2003. Results. The prevalence of obesity was five times higher in the EHT group than in controls (19.6 % vs. 4.1 %, p 5 0.007). In this group, obese subjects showed higher systolic BP (122.0 vs. 110.4 mmHg p 5 0.004) and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels (47.6 vs. 58.0 mg/dl, p < 0.05). After adjustment for age and systolic BP, obese subjects in the EHT group showed significantly higher CRP values than non-obese subjects in this group (p 5 0.024). Conclusions. The prevalence of obesity is higher in the offspring of parents with EHT than in non HT-prone subjects. Clustering of other additional risk factors indicates the need for high-risk preventive interventions in this group of children and young adults

Concordance of prevalence of human papillomavirus DNA in anogenital and oral infections in a high-risk population.

The concordance of the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA in 188 sex workers in five different locations was investigated. HPV was found in 43.6% of the women, and its prevalence at genital sites was similar. Prevalence was highest among women aged 20 years or younger but declined thereafter in specimens from all anogenital sites.

[The prognostic value of cytomegalovirus antigenemia and viremia for the development of cytomegalovirus disease and the survival of AIDS patients]. / Valor predictivo de la antigenemia y la viremia por citomegalovirus para el desarrollo de enfermedad por citomegalovirus y la supervivencia en pacientes con SIDA.

OBJECTIVES: To analyse risk factors for morbidity and survival associated with blood cytomegalovirus (CMV) detection with the antigenemia method among AIDS patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: CMV antigenemia and CMV blood cultures in 277 AIDS patients IgG-CMV sero-positive with a CD4 level lower than 200 x 10(6)/l under antiretroviral monotherapy were analysed. We consider cases the 116 patients with one or more positive blood samples tested for pp65 antigenemia or CMV culture. They were matched with 161 control patients with negative antigenemia or viremia. RESULTS: Multivariate analysis pointed out a significant positive association for blood CMV reactivation with the following variables: CMV disease development and CMV urine detection, sex-acquired HIV infection, CD4+ < 50 x 10(6)/l and matched time from AIDS diagnosis to CMV blood culture correlated with positive antigenemias. Quantitative antigenemia title showed predictive value for risk of CMV disease although 23% of retinitis patients had persistent undetectable antigenemia. CMV invasive disease developed in 48% of cases and 11% of controls (relative risk [RR]: 7.9; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.2-14.7). Mortality after 12 months of follow-up was 73% vs 52% respectively (p < 0.001). Time survival curves after CD4+ count adjusting remained significantly lower for case patients (median, 127 days vs 355 days; p < 0.01 by log-rank test). Increased death rate was found in patients with CMV disease (74%), followed by patients with CMV antigenemia but no disease (70%) and patients without antigenemia or CMV disease (mortality 49%). CONCLUSIONS: CMV blood detection in AIDS patients may be considered as a bad prognosis marker for CMV morbidity and survival. This risk increases with higher CMV antigenemias. Therefore, pre-emptive anti-CMV therapy should be considered in this restricted population.

[Detection of HIV antibodies in saliva using a rapid diagnostic immunoenzyme assay]. / Detección de anticuerpos anti-VIH en saliva con un enzimoinmunoensayo de diagnóstico rápido.

The usefulness of an enzyme-immunoassay (EIA) monotest (TESTPACK HIV-1/HIV-2, ABBOTT) was evaluated in the rapid diagnosis of anti-HIV antibodies in whole saliva in an intravenous drug abuser population (IVDA). Anti-HIV antibodies were simultaneous and prospectively measured in serum and whole saliva from 70 IVDA patients. To improve the sensitivity of the test 100 microliters of saliva were added instead of the recommended serum volume. In the 35 seropositive subjects saliva yielded a distinct positive result (Sensitivity=1), and in the 35 seronegative subjects a negative result (Specificity = 1). A statistically significant association between serum and saliva antibody levels was observed. These findings show the usefulness of a EIA monotest with whole saliva as an alternative sample to serum in the measurement of HIV-antibodies in high-risk patients.

[Generalized lymphadenopathy with morphologic findings of multicentric angiofollicular ganglionic hyperplasia in a patient with AIDS]. / Linfadenopatía generalizada con hallazgos morfológicos de hiperplasia ganglionar angiofolicular multicéntrica en un paciente con síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida.

We report a case of a 33-year-old man, intravenous drugs abuser, HIV-positive, with peripheral lymphadenopathy, hepato-splenomegaly and fever, in which a ganglionic biopsy showed a histology with morphologic features of multicentric Castleman's-like disease, and minute foci of Kaposi's sarcoma ganglion, without cutaneous lesions. Given the interrelationships between this morphology of angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia, the development of Kaposi's Sarcoma, and the aggressive clinical course seen in our patient and those in the literature, the use of lymph node biopsy may be an important prognostic tool for the patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

[Serology of the human immunodeficiency virus in saliva]. / Serología del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana en saliva.

BACKGROUND: The presence of immunoglobulins in saliva has allowed it to be proven that they are specific against certain antigens. Antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have been observed in saliva. The aim of this study was to evaluate the detection of the same by commercial enzymoinmmunoassay (EIA) and standardize the technique. METHODS: In 78 intravenous drug user patients the presence of antibodies against HIV in serum and saliva were determined by recombinant EIA (Abbott HIV-1/HIV-2 recombinant EIA). The determinations in saliva were made taking volumes of 10 and 50 microliters. RESULTS: In 43 patients the presence of antibodies against HIV-1 was demonstrated in serum, 42 of which were positive in saliva in the determination with 50 microliters and 16 with 10 microliters. No false positives were reported. With the use of 50 microliters of saliva the test showed a sensitivity of 0.98, specificity of 1, predictive value of a positive result of 1, predictive value of negative result of 0.98 and diagnostic efficacy of 0.99. CONCLUSIONS: The determination of antibodies against HIV in saliva in intravenous drug users is a highly sensitive and specific method with the use of volumes of 50 microliters in the tests.