Drinking water system treatment and contamination in Shatila Refugee Camp in Beirut, Lebanon.

Drinking water at Shatila Palestinian Refugee Camp in Beirut, Lebanon is of poor quality and unpredictably intermittent quantity. We aimed to characterize drinking water sources and contamination at Shatila and determine how drinking water can be managed to reduce community health burdens. We interviewed the Popular Committee, well owners, water vendors, water shopkeepers and preschool administrators about drinking water sources, treatment methods and the population served. Water samples from the sources and intermediaries were analysed for thermotolerant faecal coliforms (FCs), Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium parvum and microsporidia, using immunofluorescent antibody detection for G. lamblia and C. parvum, and chromotrope-2 stain for microsporidia. All drinking water sources were contaminated with FCs and parasites. FC counts (cfu/mL) were as follows: wells (35-300), water vendors (2-178), shops (30-300) and preschools (230-300). Responsible factors identified included: unskilled operators; improper maintenance of wells and equipment; lack of proper water storage and handling; and misperception of water quality. These factors must be addressed to improve water quality at Shatila and other refugee camps.

Drinking water system treatment and contamination in Shatila refugee camp in Beirut, Lebanon

Drinking water at Shatila Palestinian Refugee Camp in Beirut, Lebanon is of poor quality and unpredictably intermittent quantity. We aimed to characterize drinking water sources and contamination at Shatila and determine how drinking water can be managed to reduce community health burdens. We interviewed the Popular Committee, well owners, water vendors, water shopkeepers and preschool administrators about drinking water sources, treatment methods and the population served. Water samples from the sources and intermediaries were analysed for thermotolerant faecal coliforms [FCs], Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium parvum and microsporidia, using immunofluorescent antibody detection for G. lamblia and C. parvum, and chromotrope-2 stain for microsporidia. All drinking water sources were contaminated with FCs and parasites. FC counts [cfu/mL] were as follows: wells [35-300], water vendors [2-178], shops [30-300] and preschools [230-300]. Responsible factors identified included: unskilled operators; improper maintenance of wells and equipment; lack of proper water storage and handling; and misperception of water quality. These factors must be addressed to improve water quality at Shatila and other refugee camps

L'eau potable dans le camp de réfugiés palestiniens de Chatila, au Liban, est de mauvaise qualité et n'est disponible qu'en quantités imprévisibles et irrégulières. La présente étude avait pour objectif d'identifier les sources d'eau potable et de contamination à Chatila, et de déterminer la façon dont l'eau potable peut être gérée pour réduire la charge des problèmes de santé communautaires. Nous avons interrogé le Comité populaire, les propriétaires de puits, les vendeurs d'eau ambulants, les marchands d'eau, les responsables de structures préscolaires sur les sources d'eau potable, les méthodes de traitement et la population desservie. Des échantillons d'eau à la source et au niveau des intermédiaires ont été analysés afin de détecter la présence de coliformes thermotolérants, de Giardia lamblia, de Cryptosporidium parvum et de microsporidies, à l'aide de la recherche des anticorps par immunofluorescence pour G. lamblia and C. parvum, et de la coloration au chromotrope 2R pour les microsporidies. Toutes les sources d'eau potable étaient contaminées par des coliformes thermotolérants et des parasites. Les taux [ufc/ml] de coliformes thermotolérants étaient les suivants : puits [35-300], vendeurs d'eau ambulants [2-178], commerces [30-300] et structures préscolaires [230-300]. Les facteurs responsables identifiés incluaient les points suivants : des opérateurs non formés, une mauvaise maintenance des puits et des équipements, un stockage et une manutention de l'eau inappropriés, et une perception erronée de la qualité de l'eau. Il est nécessaire d'agir sur ces facteurs afin d'améliorer la qualité de l'eau à Chatila et dans les autres camps de réfugiés

The concurrent growth of plants and chemical purification of wastewater used as a hydroponic unit.

In this study the seedling of a variety of plants were successfully grown hydroponically on raw wastewater obtained from one of the main sewer outfalls in Beirut. In the first phase, a series of experiments was run on a batch system in glass or plastic containers provided with aeration facilities. A continuous-flow system with recirculation was adopted in the second phase. Iron supplementation was applied in all cases to compensate for its deficiency in the raw wastewater used. The immediate and ultimate objectives of the project were threefold: (a) to demonstrate the feasibility of utilizing as a hydroponic medium untreated municipal wastewater having relatively high mean values for BOD and mineral content; (b) to achieve the growth of useful plants on such readily available hydroponic media, thereby saving on fertilizers and scarce water resources; and (c) reclamation of the wastewater through biological purification leading to the gradual depletion of the nutritive constituents. Experimental conditions are described, and the data presented leads to the conclusion that the system is practicable on a laboratory scale. It has great potential for trial on a pilot scale prior to field applications in developing countries suffering from water shortage and hard currency expended on imported fertilizers and wastewater purification facilities.