Origin and distribution of the lumbosacral plexus anatomy in van cats / Origen y distribución de la anatomía del plexo lumbosacro en gatos van

SUMMARY: The innervation of the pelvic limbs of the Van cat is investigated in this research. The origins of the nerves, the innervated muscles and nerve diameters were shown in a table. Five cat cadavers were used in the study. The pudendal nerve originated from the S1-S2 spinal nerves. The femoral nerve consisted of the ventral branches of the 5th and 6th lumbar nerves in 4 cats The ischiatic nerve was composed of the 6th and 7th lumbar (L6-L7) and S1 spinal nerves in all cadavers. The ischiatic nerve was the thickest branch of sacral plexus (the average diameter on the right side was 3.31 ± 0.27 mm and the average diameter on the left side was 3.28 ± 0.29 mm). The lumbosacral plexus was formed by the ventral branches of the L4-S3 spinal nerves. N.genitofemoralis consisted of only the ventral branches of L4 in all cadavers. N. femoralis did not give rise to a branch to the m. iliopsoas. N.plantaris lateralis was found to give a branch to the 3th finger. The quadriceps femoris muscles did not take any branches from either the ischiadicus nerve or the pudendal nerve. The obturator nerve did not receive any branches from the L4 spinal nerves. There was no branch to the skin from the caudal gluteal nerve. The thinnest nerve was the pudendal nerve. Due to the scarcity of studies on the lumbosacral plexus of cats, it is thought that this study will complete a gap in the field of veterinary anatomy.

RESUMEN: En esta investigación se estudió la inervación de los miembros pélvicos del gato Van. Los orígenes de los nervios, los músculos inervados y los diámetros de los nervios son mostrados en una tabla. En el estudio se utilizaron cinco cadáveres de gatos. En cuatro gatosel nervio pudendo se originaba a partir de los nervios espinales S1-S2. El nervio femoral consistió en los ramos ventrales de los nervios lumbares quinto y sexto. El nervio isquiático estaba compuesto por los nervios espinales sexto y séptimo lumbar (L6-L7) y S1 en todos los cadáveres. El nervio isquiático era el ramo más grueso del plexo sacro (el diámetro medio del lado derecho medía de 3,31 ± 0,27 mm y el diámetro medio izquierdo 3,28 ± 0,29 mm). El plexo lumbosacro estaba formado por los ramos ventrales de los nervios espinales L4-S3. N. genitofemoralis constaba solo de las ramas ventrales de L4 en todos los cadáveres. N. femoralis no dio lugar a un ramo a la m. iliopsoas. Los músculos del cuádriceps femoral no tomaron ningún ramo ni del nervio isquiático ni del nervio pudendo. El nervio obturador no recibió ramos de los nervios espinales L4. No existían ramos a la piel desde el nervio glúteo caudal. El nervio más delgado fue el nervio pudendo. Debido a la escasez de estudios sobre el plexo lumbosacro de los gatos, este estudio completará un vacío en el campo de la anatomía veterinaria.

Origin and distribution of facial nerve anatomy in van cats.

This study aims to reveal the morphological properties of facial nerve and the middle ear in Van cats. Study material was composed of 6 female Van cats. Dissections were performed under a Zoom Stereo Microscope. There was no plexus buccalis in Van cats. The chorda tympani was observed to pass through an opening in the tympanic cavity, emerge through a small opening just behind the retroarticular process, and join the lingual nerve. A rounded anatomical formation with a size of 2.75 ± 0.3 mm was found to be located within the mastoid process of the temporal bone between the facial nerve and the auricular branch of the vagus nerve. The stapes nerve was not present. The geniculate ganglion was very prominent and about 1.00 mm high. The deep petrosal nerve was observed to emerge from the plexus tympanicus. The bulla tympanica was 18.96 ± 0.10 mm long, 13.03 ± 0.20 mm wide and 13.16 ± 0.20 mm high. After leaving the mandibular nerve, the n.tensoris tympani coursed caudally around the a.maxillaris, formed an ansa, entered the tympanic cavity through the canalis musculotubarius and reached an end in the m. tensor tympani. Due to the scarcity of studies on the middle ears of Van cats, it is thought that this study will fill a gap in the field of veterinary anatomy.

Macroscopic and histological investigation of guanaco footpads (Lama guanicoe, Müller 1776).

The surface of guanaco footpads is characterized by hairless skin with up to 4-mm-thick stratum corneum that protects from abrasion. The horny layer is pliable and elastic, and ensures firm contact with irregular ground. It is padded with a particular structure of the subcutaneous layer, the digital cushion. The flat cushions of each of the two digits are of elongated ovate shape, each about 45-mm long, up to 20-mm wide, and 8-mm thick. The cushions are lined by a 1-2-mm-thick capsule that resembles a tunica albuginea. The capsule consists of coarse collagen fibers, with elastic fibers absent. The cushion capsule and dermis approach each other, and fuse along a line that runs parallel to the longitudinal axes of cushion and digit. Loose connective tissue rich in elastic fibers and acidic glycosaminoglycans separates dermis and cushion capsule lateral to the narrow interconnecting zone. The cushion capsule encloses cloudy yellowish, gelatinous material. Microscopy shows bundles of elastic fibers in abundant mucinous matrix. Tightly gathered elastic bundles adjoin the inner surface of the capsule. Rough cords of elastic fibers branch out from there and traverse to the opposite side. The cushion is pressed flat, and elastic fibers are stretched when bearing weight. With relief of load, elastic fibers contract and reset the cushion's shape. Contractile cells are absent. A resistant capsule and easily malleable mucinous contents establish the functioning as a gel pad. Mucinous connective tissue between elastic fiber bundles contains abundant basophilic matrix. Hyaluronan, chondroitin sulfate, and dermatan sulfate are main matrix constituents. Spindle-shaped or stellate fibroblasts contain vimentin, S100 protein, and neuron specific enolase. Moprhology, staining characteristics and synthesis activities of these cells meet the criteria to be classified as myxoid cells. The connective tissue in guanaco digital cushions represents myxoid tissue.

[Compendium of the history of veterinary anatomy of Rumania: for the 100th birthday of one of their most famous anatomists, Vasile Ghetie]. / Abriss der geschichte der veterinäranatomie Rumäniens. Zum 100. Geburtstag ihres bedeutendsten anatomen, Vasile Ghetie.

The lessons of veterinary anatomy, firstly it was called "Zootomie", began in Rumania in 1853 and took place at educational establishments for ambulances and at schools for human medicine. The first veterinary school of the country was opened at the 16th of May 1861. The academically trained anatomy began with Prof. Constantin Gavrilescu. The most famous representative of anatomy was Prof. Vasile Ghetie (1903-1990). His act of life positions him beside the great anatomists of the gone century Schmaltz, Barone and Grau.