[Acute dyskinesia as the cause of jaw dislocation]. / Durch Frühdyskinesie verursachte Kieferluxation.

A case of an acute dyskinesia of a young, schizophrenic woman caused by neuroleptic therapy is reported. The acute dyskinesia was the reason for a complete luxation in the jaw-joint. The patient showed phenomenons (brain-atrophy, cognitive dysfunction, negative symptoms) which are discussed to be connected with acute dyskinesia. They also are a danger-signal regarding the beginning of a tardive dyskinesia.

[Initial experiences with cognitive therapy of schizophrenic patients]. / Erste Erfahrungen mit der kognitiven Therapie Schizophrener.

Based on earlier experiences of various groups of authors, we developed and modified a programme of cognitive therapy for schizophrenic patients. The aim of the application of the therapeutic programme to subacute patients was to decrease subjectively perceptible basic disorders and to improve the functions of performance. The present results and experiences with 4 groups consisting of a total of 31 patients encourage us to continue applying cognitive procedures of therapy. Problems of the ascertainment of measuring values and fundamental questions of therapeutic efficacy are discussed.

[Pathophysiologic aspects of schizophrenic psychoses--a review]. / Pathophysiologische Aspekte bei schizophrenen Psychosen--eine Ubersicht.

The aim of research in the field of "Biological Psychiatry" is the phenomenological description of several aspects of psychiatric diseases and the exploration of their pathological mechanisms. The most used methods are biochemical, morphological, genetical, social psychiatric, neuro- and psychophysiological ones. From the pathophysiological view the most discussed hypothesis is that of a disturbed central information processing. In this paper a short introduction should be given on psychosocial influence on the development of psychotic symptomatology and on the periphere vegetative and electroencephalographic parameters in psychiatric patients.

The model of unitary psychosis as a basis for understanding affective processes in psychoses.

Nosological questions in psychiatry imply core questions of understanding and interpretation in the field of mental illness. The model of unitary psychosis in contrast to the hypothesis of nosological entities has been discussed in controversial terms for a long time. This history of psychiatry in review of a hundred years' development of psychopathology, neurobiological sources and psychosociological conditions points out the multiplicity of adaptive processes in a multifactorial-multiconditional way. Nosological entities such as formulated by Leonhard would have a promising interpretation in the framework of a unitary approach in the philosophy by Rennert and the analysis of various psychodynamic axes.

[Neurochemical knowledge in electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)]. / Neurochemische Erkenntnisse zur Elektrokrampftherapie (EKT).

The paper is concerned with an attempt to generalize and categorize current hypotheses on the biochemical basis of ECT. The hypotheses are critically evaluated with respect to the relevance of their experimental fundamentals. Thus, certain hypotheses are valid only in a qualified sense. Particular interest is focussed on those conceptions which try to correlate ECT-induced changes in synaptic receptor sensitivities (up-/down-regulation) with super- resp. subsensitivity hypotheses of psychoses. In this connection, noradrenergic and opioid systems on the one hand, and the axis hypothalamus-hypophysis on the other hand seem to play a dominant role.

[Assessment of handedness using finger spreading]. / Untersuchungen zur Händigkeit mit Hilfe des Fingerspreizens.

In 50 right handed and 50 left handed subjects we researched the phenomenon of spreading fingers. In the right hand of right-handers we found the smallest angels between fingers, in the right hand of left-handers we found the biggest angels between the spreaded fingers. The higher the dominance of the hand, the lower is the phenomenon of spreading fingers. We assumed smaller motor units at the side of dominance.

[Principles of computer-assisted classification in psychiatry]. / Grundlagen eines rechnergestützten Klassifikators in der Psychiatrie.

The use of computer based diagnostic decision and artificial intelligence are discussed in relation to the problems of validity and reliability of psychiatric diagnoses. The authors suggest a definition of a computer aided classificator as an existent decision system for an automatically analysis of findings.

[Biomagnetism from the neuropsychiatric viewpoint--principles of recent developments in diagnostic procedure]. / Biomagnetismus in neuropsychiatrischer Sicht--Grundlage neuer diagnostischer Verfahrensentwicklungen.

The following survey is intended to demonstrate and discuss some principle problems of biomagnetism and the application in clinical fields. The development of special technical parameters especially by the SQUID method is initiating new possibilities of research and completing the neurobiologically determinated basis and conditions of neuropsychiatric disorders. The Magnetoencephalography (MEG) will be represent an important role of a new functional diagnostic method.

Preliminary findings on calmodulin-stimulated Ca2+-ATPase of erythrocyte ghosts in psychotic patients.

Kinetic properties of the calmodulin-stimulated erythrocyte ghost Ca2+-ATPase seem to be altered in some sub-groups of affective and schizophrenic psychoses. The sub-group of affective disorders concerned mostly unipolar manic and bipolar psychoses with predominantly manic episodes. In the corresponding cases from schizophrenics hyper- and parakinetic basic syndromes were predominantly diagnosed. An evaluation of our preliminary results was undertaken in connection with our biochemical hypothesis on possible alterations in the regulation of Ca2+ concentrations and Ca2+-calmodulin-mediated processes under certain psychotic conditions.

Toward the development of operational criteria of differentiated mental states.

The purpose of this paper is to discuss possibilities for developing operational criteria in psychopathological states and to identify the parameters that differentiate psychotic patients. Statistical analysis was performed in the first step with the aid of factor analysis with extraction of syndromatic characteristics of so-called psychopathological basis syndromes. By cluster analysis in the second step we found out more approaches to a differentiated definition of psychotic states. The classification of individuals into 'natural' and not preestablished groups enabled the construction of descriptive psychopathological algorithms to determine ICD-9 diagnosis within the limitations of descriptive psychiatry.

[Electronic data processing-assisted epicrisis in clinico-psychiatric documentation of findings]. / Eine EDV-gestützte graphische Epikrise in der klinisch-psychiatrischen Befunddokumentation.

The medical profession is using computers to an increasing extent, and the graphic epicrises described here, which is intended mainly to augment the conventional epicrisis, is another useful application. It is based on a standardised psychopathological examination and documentation procedure and permits the course of psychopathological syndromes to be demonstrated in an illustrative way.

[Glutamate as a transmitter in the CNS and its presumed significance in the pathogenesis of cerebral seizure forms--recent aspects]. / Glutamat als Transmitter im ZNS und seine mutmassliche Bedeutung für die Pathogenese zerebraler Anfallsformen--neuere Aspekte.

Glutamate is believed to be quantitatively the most outstanding of the excitatory transmitters in the CNS. Certain conformationally related analogues, e. g. kainate, N-methyl-D-aspartate, ibotenate, and homocysteate, act as glutamate agonists. The local or systemic administration of these "excitotoxic" compounds induces epileptiform activity pointing out new and deeper insights into the epileptic process. Additionally, the glutamate transmitter hypothesis is expected to give a chance of a causal comprehension for choreatic processes as well as for the mode of action of anticonvulsant and antispastic agents.

[Early childhood brain damage and epilepsy. Results of a clinical and electroencephalographic cross-sectional study]. / Frühkindliche Hirnschäden und Epilepsie. Ergebnisse einer klinischen und elektroenzephalographischen Querschnittsuntersuchung.

Among 593 children treated as inpatients because of epilepsy, 191 (32.2%) showed indications of a pre- and/or perinatal brain damage. Under partial consideration of another six children (7.8%) with postnatal brain damage, the relations of various clinical and encephalographic parameters between the time of the brain damage and the occurrence of epilepsy were studied. The risk to fall ill with epilepsy after an infantile brain damage is independent of the time the brain damage took place. Children with a perinatal brain damage, however, show the prognostically more unfavourable form of epilepsy with a higher frequency of attacks and greater difficulties of influencing the disease with drugs. Children below the age of six years predominantly showed an occipital localisation of the foci spread over several brain regions and associated with a tendency to attacks while in older children temporally localised foci occurred more frequently.

[Incidence of electroencephalographic findings in children with stuttering compared to healthy children of the same age]. / Untersuchungen zur Häufigkeit elektronenzephalographischer Befunde bei Kindern mit Stottern im Vergleich zu gesunden Gleichaltrigen.

Results obtained in a single encephalography examination of 79 stuttering and 143 healthy children, both 7 to 10 years old, were compared. While the difference in the frequency between the two groups with respect to focal findings without peak potentials and a focal and generalised tendency to attacks could not be substantiated, 29.1 per cent of all children in the group of stutterers showed a background activity that was too slow for their age. This finding is interpreted as an expression of delayed development which, because of a psychic compensation capacity not corresponding to the age of the test person, offers a favourable basic condition for the development of stuttering. The danger of a misinterpretation of electroencephalographic findings obtained from specific study groups without comparison with a normal population is pointed out.