Assisting Strategies of the Parents of Students with Special Educational Needs in the Emergency Remote Learning in Poland.

The study had four objectives: (a) identifying and characterizing strategies for involving parents of students with SEN (students with special educational needs) in remote education during the COVID-19 pandemic; (b) comparing these strategies with those used by parents of students without SEN (non-SEN students); (c) identifying predictors of parental involvement in the remote education of students with SEN; (d) checking whether the identified strategies differentiate the perceived barriers and benefits of remote learning. In total, 421 parents of primary school students participated in the study, 83 of whom (20%) were parents of children with SEN (SEN group). Based on the factor analysis of the results (respondents completed a 66-item electronic questionnaire), three main strategies for parental involvement in children's remote education were identified: (1) committed teacher (CT), with 40% in the SEN group and 55% in the non-SEN group; (2) autonomy-supporting coach (ASC), with 22% in the SEN group and 26% in the non-SEN group; (3) committed teacher and reliever (CTR), with 38% in the SEN group and 19% in the non-SEN group. The strongest predictor of parental involvement with SEN students in the role of committed teacher was excessive demands from school. Parents whose children showed low motivation to learn were the most likely to do some of their children's school tasks for them and apply the committed teacher and reliever strategy. The positive aspects of remote education were mostly noticed by moderately committed parents who gave their children a lot of autonomy (autonomy-supporting coaches). The obtained results can be included in the optimization of schools' activities in terms of organizing remote education for students with SEN and cooperating with parents.

Parental involvement in remote learning during the COVID-19 pandemic-Dominant approaches and their diverse implications.

The aim of the study on which this article reports was to identify parents' approaches to their children's remote education during the COVID-19 pandemic in April and May 2020. Additionally, this investigation sought to determine the role of parent perceptions of the barriers and benefits of remote education. The research draws on a survey of 421 parents of primary school students, in which a 66-item questionnaire (4 subscales) was used. Analysis revealed three main clusters that represent approaches adopted by parents: (1) the committed teacher approach, (2) the autonomy-supporting coach, and (3) the committed teacher and intervener. The parents in cluster 3 emphasised perceived barriers to remote learning more than parents in clusters 1 and 2. Regarding perceptions of the benefits, statistically significant differences were found in perceptions of child development facilitated by remote education (the parents in cluster 2 rated it most positively). The results can be used to support parents and schools in the provision of optimal remote learning.

Functional Diagnosis as a Strategy for Implementing Inclusive Education in Poland1 / Diagnóstico Funcional como Estratégia para Implementar a Educação Inclusiva na Polônia

ABSTRACT: The 25th anniversary of the Salamanca Statement is a good opportunity to summarize to what extent the challenges described in it have been implemented by the signatory countries, all of which are members of UNESCO. This article presents a balance of achievements in implementing inclusive education in Poland, as well as a catalog of challenges for the future. Although the commitments to provide inclusive education for children and young people with special educational needs (SEN) arise from the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989) and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2006), which have both been ratified by Poland, systematic work on the implementation began only in 2010. The key measure was the Regulation of the Ministry of National Education on the principles of planning and organization of psychological and pedagogical support for pupils with SEN. Currently, in cooperation with the European Agency for Special Needs and Inclusive Education intensive work is underway to create a coherent system for recognizing the needs and possibilities of children and adolescents based on the functional diagnosis model. Therefore, this article presents the assumptions of this model with reference to the implemented or planned changes to the educational law.

RESUMO: O 25º aniversário da Declaração de Salamanca é uma boa oportunidade para resumir até que ponto os desafios descritos nela foram implementados pelos países signatários, todos membros da UNESCO. Este artigo apresenta um balanço de realizações na implementação da educação inclusiva na Polônia, bem como um catálogo de desafios para o futuro. Embora os compromissos de oferecer educação inclusiva para crianças e jovens com necessidades educacionais especiais (NEE) surjam da Convenção dos Direitos da Criança das Nações Unidas (1989) e da Convenção dos Direitos das Pessoas com Deficiência (2006), os quais foram ratificados pela Polônia, o trabalho sistemático sobre a implementação começou apenas em 2010. A medida chave foi o Regulamento do Ministério da Educação Nacional sobre os princípios de planejamento e organização do apoio psicológico e pedagógico para alunos com NEE. Atualmente, em cooperação com a Agência Europeia para Necessidades Especiais e Educação Inclusiva, está em andamento um intenso trabalho para criar um sistema coerente de reconhecimento das necessidades e possibilidades de crianças e adolescentes com base no modelo de diagnóstico funcional. Portanto, este artigo apresenta as premissas desse modelo com referência às mudanças implementadas ou planejadas na lei educacional.