Nondestructive Estimation of Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) Terminal Velocity and Drag Coefficient Based on Some Fruit Physical Properties Using Machine Learning Algorithms.

Hazelnut culture originated in Turkey, which has the highest volume and area of hazelnut production in the world. For the design and sizing of equipment and structures in agricultural operations for the hazelnut industry, especially harvesting operations and post-harvest operations, it is essential that an understanding of hazelnuts' aerodynamic properties, i.e., terminal velocity and drag coefficient, is acquired. In this study, the moisture, mass, density, projected area, surface area, and geometric diameter were used as independent variables in the data set, and the dependent variables terminal velocity and drag coefficient estimation were determined. In this study, logistic regression (LR), support vector regression (SVR), and artificial neural networks (ANNs) were used based on machine learning methods. When the results were evaluated according to R2 (determination coefficient), MSE (mean squared error), and MAE (mean absolute error) metrics, it was seen that the most successful models were the ANN, SVR, and LR, respectively. According to the R2 metric, the ANN method achieved 91.5% for the terminal velocity of hazelnuts and 85.9% for the drag coefficient of hazelnuts. Using the independent variables in the study, it was seen that the terminal velocity and drag coefficient value of hazelnuts could be successfully estimated.

Effects of different soil tillage-sowing systems on plant development and emergence traits of second crop soybean / Efeitos de diferentes sistemas de semeadura direta no solo e desenvolvimento de plantas e características de emergência de soja segunda safra

Effects of different soil tillage and sowing systems (Conventional Soil Tillage ­ CST: Moldboard plow + gobble disc + disk harrow + harrow + sowing machine; Reduced Soil Tillage ­ RST: rototiller-combined soil tillage machine + sowing machine; Ridge Sowing ­ RS: gobble disc + ridge-sowing machine; Direct Sowing ­ DS ­ no-till) on plant development and emergence traits of second-crop soybean were investigated in this study under Antalya provincial conditions. Experiments were conducted over the experimental fields of the Aksu Branch of Bati Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute for 3 years (2013, 2014, 2015) as a fixed experiment. The number of days to 50% emergence, number of days to 50% flowering, plant height, number of pods per plant, the first pod height, number of plants per m2, 1000-seed weight, and yield were considered as plant development parameters. Mean emergence time, germination rate index, emergence ratio, space ratio, tillering ratio, and acceptable plant spacing ratio were considered as plant emergence parameters. Different soil tillage and sowing systems generally had significant effects on investigated traits at p<0.01 and p<0.05 levels.

Efeitos de diferentes sistemas de preparo do solo e de semeadura (preparo convencional do solo - CST: arado de aiveca + disco de pastilha + grade de disco + grade + semeadora; preparo do solo reduzido - RST: máquina de preparo do solo combinada com rototiller + máquina de semeadura; semeadura em crista - RS: disco de gobble + semeadora em crista; semeadura direta - DS - plantio direto) sobre o desenvolvimento da planta e as características de emergência da soja de segunda safra foram investigadas neste estudo nas condições da província de Antalya. Os experimentos foram conduzidos nos campos experimentais da filial de Aksu do Bati Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute por 3 anos (2013, 2014, 2015) como um experimento fixo. O número de dias para 50% de emergência, número de dias para 50% de floração, altura da planta, número de vagens por planta, altura da primeira vagem, número de plantas por m2, peso de 1000 sementes e rendimento foram considerados como parâmetros de desenvolvimento da planta. Tempo médio de emergência, índice de taxa de germinação, razão de emergência, razão de espaço, razão de perfilhamento e razão de espaçamento de plantas aceitável foram considerados como parâmetros de emergência das plantas. Diferentes sistemas de preparo do solo e de semeadura geralmente tiveram efeitos significativos nas características investigadas nos níveis p <0,01 e p <0,05.

Effects of ripening stages and storage durations on resistance parameters of beef type tomatoes: part 1: spring period / Efeitos de estágios de maturação e durações de armazenamento em parâmetros de resistência de tomates coração de boi: parte 1: período de primavera

Following the harvest, agricultural products are subjected to various negative impacts throughout the way to consumers. Mechanical damages such as color darkening, abrasion, cuts, or punctures over the fruit surface are irreversible damages and such damages ultimately end up in significant quality and economic losses. In modern production systems, only a certain portion of the products directly reach from producer to consumers. The majority of these products are subjected to mechanical damages through the crush, squeeze, vibration, and similar impacts during the harvest and postharvest processes. In this study, Tybeef tomato cultivar grown over the experimental greenhouses of Bati Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute (BATEM) (control) and 14-193 and 14-206 coded candidate cultivars developed through breeding programs of BATEM were used as the plant material. Resistance parameters of tomato cultivars were determined at 4 different ripening stages (green, turning, pink, and red) and 4 different storage durations (4, 8, 12, and 16 days). Resistance parameters decreased with the progress of ripening and storage durations. All measurements and assessments revealed that 14-193 coded candidate cultivars were prominent for resistance parameters.

Após a colheita, os produtos agrícolas estão sujeitos a diversos impactos negativos ao longo do caminho até os consumidores. Danos mecânicos como escurecimento da cor, abrasão, cortes ou perfurações na superfície da fruta são irreversíveis e acabam resultando em perdas significativas de qualidade e econômicas. Nos sistemas de produção modernos, apenas uma determinada parte dos produtos chega diretamente do produtor ao consumidor. A maioria desses produtos está sujeita a danos mecânicos por meio de esmagamento, compressão, vibração e impactos semelhantes durante os processos de colheita e pós-colheita. Neste estudo, a cultivar de tomate Tybeef cultivada em estufas experimentais do Bati Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute (BATEM) (controle) e as cultivares candidatas codificadas 14-193 e 14-206 desenvolvidas por meio de programas de melhoramento do BATEM foram utilizadas como material vegetal. Os parâmetros de resistência dos cultivares de tomate foram determinados em 4 diferentes estágios de maturação (verde, pintado, rosado e vermelho) e 4 diferentes durações de armazenamento (4, 8, 12 e 16 dias). Os parâmetros de resistência diminuíram com o progresso do amadurecimento e durações de armazenamento. Todas as medições e avaliações revelaram que 14-193 cultivares candidatas codificadas eram proeminentes para os parâmetros de resistência.

Real-Time Electrical Resistivity Measurement and Mapping Platform of the Soils with an Autonomous Robot for Precision Farming Applications.

Soil electrical resistivity (ER) is an important indicator to indirectly determine soil physical and chemical properties such as moisture, salinity, porosity, organic matter level, bulk density, and soil texture. In this study, real-time ER measurement system has been developed with the help of an autonomous robot. The aim of this study is to provide rapid measurement of the ER in large areas using the Wenner four-probe measurement method for precision farming applications. The ER measurement platform consists of the Wenner probes, a y-axis shifter driven by a DC motor through a gear reducer, all installed on a steel-frame that mount to an autonomous robot. An embedded industrial computer and differential global positioning system (DGPS) were used to assist in real-time measuring, recording, mapping, and displaying the ER and the robot position during the field operation. The data acquisition software was codded in Microsoft Visual Basic.NET. Field experiments were carried out in a 1.2 ha farmland soil. ER and DGPS values were stored in Microsoft SQL Server 2005 database, an ordinary Kriging interpolation technique by ArcGIS was used and the average ER values were mapped for the soil depth between 0 and 50 cm. As a result, ER values were observed to be between 30.757 and 70.732 ohm-m. In conclusion, the experimental results showed that the designed system works quite well in the field and the ER measurement platform is a practical tool for providing real-time soil ER measurements.