[Anogenital mammary-like glands and related diseases. Part 2. Malignant tumors of the anogenital glands]. / Anogenital'nye mammaropodobnye zhelezy i sviazannye s nimi zabolevaniia. Chast' 2. Zlokachestvennye opukholi anogenital'nykh zhelez.

Mammary-like glands are a normal anatomical component of the anogenital region and can give rise to many benign and malignant tumors that morphologically mimic the similar diseases of the breast. The literature review is complemented by a description of 199 cases of malignant tumors of mammary-like glands. The paper presents the clinical and morphological characteristics of various malignant tumors of mammary-like glands, including extramammary Paget's disease, ductal, tubulolobular, adenoid cystic adenocarcinoma, low-grade phyllodes tumor, etc.

[Anogenital mammary-like glands and related lesions. Part 1. Benign tumors and tumor-like disorders]. / Anogenital'nye mammaropodobnye zhelezy i svyazannye s nimi zabolevaniya. Chast' 1. Dobrokachestvennye opukholi i opukholepodobnye protsessy anogenital'nykh zhelez.

Anogenital mammary-like glands represent a normal anatomic constituent of the anogenital area and may give rise to many benign and malignant tumors that morphologically mimic similar breast diseases. The literature review is complemented by a description of 286 cases of benign tumors and tumor-like processes in the mammary-like glands. The paper presents the clinical and morphological characteristics of papillary hidradenoma, fibroadenoma, benign phyllodes tumor, lactating adenoma, sclerosing adenosis, pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia, etc.

[Difficult differential diagnosis of malignant melanoma--case reports]. / Obtízná diferenciální diagnostika maligního melanomu - kazuistiky.

Malignant melanoma is one of the most malignant tumours. If it is diagnosed in the early stage, the prognosis is quite good. Timely diagnosis is essential as well as early surgical removal of the tumour in a specialized centre. The aim of the article is to highlight the difficult diagnosis and differential diagnosis of malignant melanoma. The authors describe a rare case of malignant melanoma in an eleven-year-old girl, a neglected finding of malignant melanoma in a young man, the difficult differential diagnosis of malignant melanoma and a case of malignant melanoma arising from a congenital naevus.The incidence of malignant melanoma is increasing worldwide, and it is therefore necessary to bear this diagnosis in mind when performing clinical examination of patients and discovering suspected lesions.

Pseudotumors and mimickers of malignancy of the head and neck pathology.

We are summarizing some of the difficult pitfalls in tumors of the head and neck, which we have encountered in our biopsies referred for consultation as well as from our routine praxis in the last 20 years. Shortly we are presenting the following lesions of head and neck: multifocal sclerosing thyroiditis, mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the thyroid, solid cell nests, Chievitz organ, rhomboid glossitis, ectopic parathyroid, signet ring cell change of salivary glands, mucocele, epithelial misplacement of the vocal cord squamous cell epithelium, and angiomatoid nasal polyps.

Neuroendocrine adenoma of the middle ear with extension into the external auditory canal.

We report a case of middle ear adenoma (neuroendocrine adenoma of the middle ear) protruding into the external ear canal. The patient was a 65-year-old man with hearing alterations and a headache in whom an otoscopy disclosed a sessile, pea-sized, brown-reddish, focally bleeding mass located in the posterior-superior aspect of the right external auditory canal. Histopathologically, there was a neoplasm composed of closely packed, sometimes back-to-back glandular structures formed by small uniform cuboidal or cylindrical cells. Small solid islands were also present. Following the histopathologic examination, a high resolution computed tomography was performed showing an extensive osteolytic defect mostly involving the mastoid air cells of the mastoid process with a partial destruction of the middle ear cavity. This defect was filled with a mass-like lesion with the density of soft tissue which bulged to the external auditory canal. Histopathologic examination of the mass in the middle ear cavity revealed findings identical to those seen in the original biopsy, confirming diagnosis of middle ear adenoma extending into the external ear canal.

[Carney complex]. / Carneyho komplex.

Carney complex is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disease, with at least two genetic loci including the PRKAR1A gene located on chromosome 17 and the CNC2 locus mapped to chromosome 2. Clinically this syndrome is characterized by multiple myxomas occurring in different anatomic sites, mucocutaneous pigmentary lesions, and a variety of non-endocrine and endocrine tumors, often causing endocrine abnormalities, involving various organs. Knowledge of morphological findings in CNC patients with their typical locations is necessary to raise suspicion of this syndrome by pathologists. Confirmation of the diagnosis allows regular clinical check-ups and early treatment of these patients.

[Incisional hernia following laparoscopy, complicated by perforated gangrenic appendicitis -- a case review]. / Kýla v jizvé po laparoskopii komplikovaná perforovanou gangrenózní apendicitidou -- kazuistika.

Acute appendicitis is the commonest cause of acute abdomen. Early indication for surgery -- appendectomy, plays the key role in its therapy. The rate of incisional hernias (of all operated hernias) is high and they are, to a certain extent, caused by technical, mechanical factors and the patient himself. The authors present a case review of a female patient, presenting with atypical urgent abdomen, who was hospitalized with a diagnosis of advanced absces of the abdominal wall, resp. strangulated incisional hernia. Surgical revision confirmed that the condition was caused by perforated gangrenous appendicitis incisional hernia following laparoscopy. Acute appendicits is a very rare complication of the incisional hernia, and it is practically impossible to make its diagnosis based on clinical examination. Its diagnosis may be facilitated using visualization examination methods, however, its final diagnosis can only be made during surgical revision indicated for progressing acute abdomen.

[Muir-Torre syndrome--a phenotypic variant of Lynch syndrome]. / Muir-Torre syndrom--fenotypická varianta Lynchova syndromu.

Muir-Torre syndrome (MTS) represents an autosomal dominantly inherited condition and is considered a phenotypic variant of the more common hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome (HNPCC), or Lynch syndrome. MTS combines at least one cutaneous neoplasm with sebaceous differentiation (e.g. sebaceoma, sebaceous adenoma, and sebaceous carcinoma), and at least one visceral malignancy. MTS is a genetic disorder caused by a germline mutation in one of the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes. Tumors in MTS patients are characteristically associated with the loss of MMR protein expression and/or microsatellite instability (70%). Patients who are suspected to have MTS/Lynch syndrome are often identified by dermatologists, dermatopathologists/pathologists, gastroenterologists and gynecologists. If MTS is suspected on a clinicopathological ground, necessary additional laboratory investigations should be performed only in specialized pathological departments providing immunohistochemistry and molecular biologic analysis service.