Assuntos
Mortalidade , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Índia , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores Sexuais , Fatores Socioeconômicos , População UrbanaAssuntos
Mortalidade , População Urbana , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Clima , Feminino , Humanos , Índia , Lactente , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Registros , Religião , Fatores SexuaisRESUMO
This paper demonstrates that when 'spot' specimens of sputum are cultured for tubercle bacilli on Löwenstein-Jensen medium, bacterial contamination occurs at random and follows a Poisson distribution. Over a period of 14 years, contamination rates with overnight 'collection' specimens (4.5 to 10.2%) were substantially higher than with spot specimens (1.3 to 4.0%), but the correlation between the two was very high (r = 0.98). In contrast to spot specimens, the incidence of contamination with collection specimens was significantly higher for females than for males, and significant variation was also found between patients of the same sex. In consequence, the Poisson distribution, which assumes a constant contamination rate for all patients, did not provide a satisfactory fit to the data on collection specimens. However, a negative binomial distribution, which incorporates individual variability in contamination rate, provided a good fit. The reasons for individual variability are discussed.
Assuntos
Técnicas Bacteriológicas/normas , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolamento & purificação , Escarro/microbiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Modelos Biológicos , Probabilidade , Manejo de Espécimes/normasRESUMO
PIP: The objectives of this study in a weaver community were to indicate the frequency of coitus among couples, the extent of contraceptive use, and the incidence of abortion. The sample consisted of 77 married women aged 15-40, in Madurai District. The average coital frequency for a month was 10, indicating the need for reconsidering the total number of Nirodhs required for a couple in a year to have an effective protection against pregnancy. Demographers presently calculate that 72 Nirodhs are required for a couple in a year to have effective protection. Among couples who use Nirodh 18% of them occasionally have coitions without protection of Nirodh. When the absence of husband, period days of women, and sickness of either spouse are excluded from the reference days, the coital rate is 11.5 per month. Also coital rates by various variables are considered. The incidence of induced abortion is 14.3 and of natural abortion 5.7 per 100 pergnancies. This study gives an incidence rate of 23.8 per 100 live births. This indicates the possible substitution of contraception in place of abortion. However, further data are being planned to test the above hypothesis.^ieng
