[Sick fat (adiposopathy) as the main contributor to metabolic syndrome].

Obesity, primarily the accumulation of visceral fat (prone to lipolysis and inflammation) is considered the most important pathogenetic link in insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The purpose of the review was to present and summarize current information on the negative impact of adipose tissue dysfunction and the role of this phenomenon in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Material and methods. A systematic search of Web of Science, EMBASE, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar databases was performed. Results. Adipose tissue secretes a huge variety of biologically active substances - free fatty acids, adipokines, inflammatory mediators. These substances have a negative effect on insulin-sensitive and all other tissues, inducing inextricably linked freeradical oxidation, mitochondrial dysfunction, histotoxic hypoxia, maladaptive autophagy, apoptosis, dysregulation of transcriptome and post-translational processes, overload of non-fat tissues with lipids (lipotoxicity) enhanced by hyperinsulinemia, and many other cytotoxic mechanisms. Target organ damage disrupts the finely tuned network of feedbacks between the brain, liver, gut, microbiome, muscles, adipose tissue, classic glands and the rest of the organs, provided by myokines, hepatokines, bathokines and other substances, among others. Based on some experimental and clinical data, we agree with the notions that the qualitative aspect - adipocyte dysfunction (adiposopathy) - is at least as important as cell mass. Sick fat has a number of differences from healthy tissue, among which there are indicated mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, disorders of browning, cell death, and removal of senescent cells (senolysis). The obesity paradox can be explained from the pathophysiological point of view by this distinction (although the main explanation, in our opinion, should be sought in the internal validity of the works revealing this phenomenon). Conclusion. The treatment of obesity and its consequences should be based on «healing¼ rather than «extermination¼ of adipocytes. Implementation of this approach requires homeostatic influence on neuroimmunoendocrine regulation. Of the available tools, metformin, incretin drugs, sodium-glucose transporter inhibitors, and bariatric surgery probably meet this requirement the most.

[The efficacy of tes-therapy for treatment of anxiety-like behavior and motor disorders in rats with an experimental model of parkinsonism]. / Éffektivnost' TÉS-terapii dlia kupirovaniia trevogopodobnogo povedeniia i motornykh narushenii u krys s éksperimental'noi model'iu parkinsonizma.

AIM: To assess the efficacy of transcranial electrostimulation TES for treatmnet of anxiety-like behavior and motor disorders in rats with rotenone-induced parkinsonism. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was performed on 30 mature male-rats. Animals were divided into following groups: control, intact rats (group 1); rats with an experimental model of parkinsonism without treatment (group 2); rats with an experimental model of parkinsonism, which had 7 sessions of TES-therapy (group 3), the number of rats in each group was 10. The parkinsonism model was achieved by daily rotenone administration for 28 days. Parkinsonism's markers were assessed using 3-point scale; anxiety-like behavior and motor activity were assessed in the open-field test. TES was performed using TRANSAIR-stimulator for 7 days. Substantia nigra slices were stained with hematoxylin and Lillie's staining for neuromelanin. RESULTS: The rats of group 3 show less neurological deficits, less anxiety-like behavior and less neurodegeneration in the substantia nigra. There are a decrease in individual total scores of motor disorders by 50%, a decrease in the level of anxiety-like behavior or the absence of its increase in the open-field test. CONCLUSION: TES-therapy may be used as an additional non-pharmacological treatment of motor and related non-motor damage in Parkinson's disease.

Сapsule endoscopy for diagnosis of celiac disease.

In this review we analyzed the guidelines for diagnosis and management of celiac disease, as well as the recent studies published on this issue. Capsule endoscopy could be used in patients unwilling or unable to undergo conventional endoscopy, in patients who have discordant results between serological and histopathological investigation, in patients with nonresponsive or refractory celiac disease.

[Analgesic effect of TES therapy in the early postoperative period in patients who underwent tonsillectomy].

The objective of the present work was to study peculiarities of the analgesic action of therapeutic electrical stimulation (TES therapy) in the early postoperative period in the patients who underwent tonsillectomy. A total of 60 patients admitted for this surgery to the specialized otorhinolaryngological department were available for observation. They were divided into two groups depending on the pain relief strategy. The patients of the study group (n=30) underwent courses of transcranial electrical stimulation on a daily basis (from the onset of hospitalization) in addition to the administration of a standard analgetic. The standard dose of tramadol (2.0 ml) was given to the patients of the control group (n=30) who complained of strong pain. The results of the objective and subjective estimations indicate that the degree of pharyngeal pain in the patients treated with TES therapy and the standard analgetic was significantly different. The patients receiving TES therapy could sooner resume their habitual diet and required smaller amounts of the analgetic which makes this modality a cost-effective supplement to the standard postoperative treatment.

[Myocardial responses to ischemia].

The paper details the types of a myocardial response to impaired blood flow, such as myocardial stunning, hibernation, ischemic preconditioning, warm-up phenomenon, ischemic postconditioning, remodeling, and infarction. According to the pathogenesis, the authors identify several types of myocardial dysfunction in transient ischemic attack--uptake, delivery; and a mixed one. It is concluded the myocardial response to damage depends on a combination of influencing factors, a number of pathophysiological processes starting in the acute phase of ischemia achieve its peak in the late period.

[The endocannabinoid system and prospects her stimulation in clinical medicine].

The history of use by the man of plants of a sort Cannabis totals more than 4000 years. The people have begun to use Cannabis in stone century. On Taiwan archaeologist the rests of utensils made with application of stalks Cannabis more of 10000 years back were found. Cannabis (Cannabis sativa, Cannabis sowing, named also "Indian") - cultural plant, which has set of applications. From it received fibres for hemp of ropes and make a fabric similar on linen. Its stalks went on manufacture glossy of a paper and building of plates. Her sabadilla were used for graziery a bird; oil from sabadilla Cannabis offered as fuel instead of diesel. The greatest popularity Cannabis has received as raw material for reception of products (marijuana, hashish etc.), causing at the man psychotropic--first of all psychomymetic--effects, that at their regular application can result in formation of dependence. Besides the attempts were undertaken to use preparations Cannabis in the medical purposes: at migraine, spasmes, vomiting, pains of a different origin etc.

Effect of nonselective beta-adrenoblockers on the state of sympathoadrenal system and ratio of neuroactive amino acids in rat medulla oblongata.

Experiments on rats showed that injection of propranolol into the medulla oblongata increased the contents of epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, and L-DOPA by 3.76, 1.4, 2.0, and 1.7 times, respectively. These propranolol-induced changes in the levels and ratio of neurotransmitters were not accompanied by variations in serotonin content. Propranolol had no significant effects on the content of excitatory amino acids, except marked increase in aspartate content. The level of inhibitory amino acids increased mainly due to an increase in GABA content. The balance between excitatory and inhibitory amino acids was shifted towards inhibitory compounds.

Effects of verapamil and amiodarone on sympathoadrenal system and balance of excitatory and inhibitory amino acids in rat medulla oblongata.

Local injection of verapamil into ventrolateral region of the medulla oblongata triggered the release of epinephrine. Verapamil increased the total content of norepinephrine and epinephrine by 560% and decreased the content of serotonin by 46%. Verapamil had no effect on norepinephrine/epinephrine and norepinephrine/(norepinephrine+epinephrine) ratios in normal rats. Blockade of K+-channels in the medulla oblongata by local injection of 0.001 mg amiodarone did not change the levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine and norepinephrine/epinephrine and norepinephrine/(norepinephrine+epinephrine) ratios. In the medulla oblongata, verapamil proportionally increased the levels of norepinephrine, dopamine, and L-DOPA. Similarly, amiodarone increased the levels of L-DOPA and dopamine by 2.6 and 3.2 times, respectively. Amiodarone shifted the ratio of neuroactive amino acids towards inhibitory transmitters.

[YAG-Nd laser: effects of radiation on acoustic analyser function in experimental animals]. / Vliianie izlucheniia IAG-ND lazera na funktsional'noe sostoianie slukhovogo analizatora éksperimental'nykh zhivotnykh.

Effects of laser radiation on the function of the internal ear receptors were studied using short-latent acoustic evoked potentials (SLAEP) of rabbit truncus cerebri. Contact laser impact in the area of the medial wall of the tympanic cavity in one of the ear was made after registration of baseline SLAEP. The other ear served control. It was found that YAG-Nd laser radiation had the receptor damage threshold within 7-8 W. Assessment of laser energy reaching receptors of the animals' labyrinth was carried out by the thickness of the bone of tympanic medial wall in the rabbit middle ear. Differences in the above thickness in humans and rabbits and calculated transmission factors for laser radiation of the bone tissues indicate that radiation power 14-16 W may appear critical in manipulations on human middle ear.

[Diagnostic significance of evaluating erythrocyte membrane permeability as an intoxication syndrome criterion]. / Diagnosticheskaia tsennost' otsenki pronitsaemosti membran éritrotsitov v kachestve kriteriia intoksikatsionnogo sindroma.

Twenty-five patients with pyoinflammatory maxillofacial diseases treated in an inpatient setting in the Regional Dentistry Clinic of Krasnodar and 8 healthy volunteers were examined. After opening and draining of the purulent focus the patients were divided into 2 groups. Group 1 consisted of 21 patients treated by intravenous 0.04% sodium hypochlorite (SHC) and intravenous infusions of SHC-oxidized autoblood for 2-3 days. Group 2 (6 pts) was treated by intravenous infusions of SHC-oxidized autoblood for 6 days. The criteria of intoxication were erythrocyte resistance tests in hypotonic sodium chloride and at different concentrations of urea in isotonic medium. A new method for evaluating erythrogram deviations from reference values is proposed, which helps adequately assess the severity of intoxication.

[Neurons of the medulla oblongata and hypothalamus projecting on the sympathetic neurons of the ventral horn of the spinal cord]. / Neirony prodolgovatogo mozga i gipotalamusa, proetsiruiushchiesia na simpaticheskie neirony ventral'nogo roga spinnogo mozga.

Connections of the neurons of the spinal cord ventral horn with the structures, situating above have been investigated. After injection of uranyl acetate into the TIII segment of the spinal cord, labelled neurons are found in various reticular nuclei of the medulla oblongata. At the level of the roots of the XII pair of the cranial nerves they are revealed in the reticular paramedian, ventral, parvocellular and lateral nuclei. The formations mentioned participate in regulation of the cardio-vascular system. More rostral (2 and 4 mm relatively to the roots of the XII pair of the cranial nerves) the neurons are observed in the reticular giant cellular nucleus, in nuclei of the raphe and in the group of the P-substance reactive neurons. Besides, labelled neurons are revealed in the posterior, lateral fields and in the dorso- and ventromedial nuclei of the hypothalamus.

[The effect of stimulation of the A5 cell group in the medulla oblongata on cardiac activity in the cat]. / Vliianie stimuliatsii kletochnoi gruppy A5 prodolgovatogo mozga na deiatel'nost' serdtsa u koshki.

The anesthetized cats, heart rate and dp/dt max. were elevated in the result of the A5 cell group electrical stimulation. Similarly, the L-glutamate injections, too, increased the heart rate and dp/dt max. After transection of the spinal cord (T8-10) and blocking of rostral ventrolateral medulla, this effect was still present and only blocked by i.v. infusion of phentolamine and hexametonium.

[The role of the sympathetic nervous system-activating structures of the ventrolateral area of the medulla oblongata in the regulation of cardiac activity]. / Znachenie simpatoaktiviruiushchikh struktur ventrolateral'noi oblasti prodolgovatogo mozga v reguliatsii deiatel'nosti serdtsa.

Localization of sympathoexcitatory neurons regulating in the ventrolateral medulla area participating in the heart rate regulation has been studied. Results suggest, that sympathoexcitatory neurons in the cat are confined to a definite region (middle line of roots of XII nerve and by 4.0 mm more rostral) of rostral ventrolateral medulla. Stimulation of these right regions increases the heart rate, but that of the left regions elevates dp/dt max. Their activity mediated pathways (conduction velocity 10.5 + 0.4 m/s and 6.1 + 0.4 m/s) innervated of "nonclassical" sympathetic neurons of the ventral horn and sympathetic preganglionic neurons of intermediolateral cell column of the spinal cord.

[Origin and the functional role of adrenergic fibers of the vagus nerve in cats]. / Proiskhozhdenie i funktsiona'lnoe znachenie adrenergicheskikh volokon bluzhdaiushchego nerva u koshki.

Origin of adrenergic fibres of vagus is studied. They are shown to appear in the thoracic vagus through caudal anastomosis introduction. The observations indicated that axons of spinal neurons and neurons of the ganglion stellate passed through caudal anastomosis and entered a thoracic vagus nerve. Stimulation of the thoracic vagus in cats after atropine sulphate injection increases the heart rate.

[Catecholamine-containing sympathetic spinal neurons innervating the feline heart]. / Katekholaminsoderzhashchie simpaticheskie spinal'nye neirony, innerviruiushchie serdtse koshki.

The present study determined that a population "nonclassical" sympathetic neurons in cats spinal cord contains catecholamines. They are localized in the central, dorsomedial, and lateral regions of the ventral horn of T1-T5 segments of the spinal cord. Electrophysiological study indicated that axonal conduction velocity is 7.3 +/- 0.5 m/s (ranging from 3.6 to 17.2 m/s). Possible functional roles of catecholamine-containing neurons of spinal cord include involvement in sympathetic control of cardiac cycle duration.

[Localization of neurons, making projections via the postganglionic nerves of the stellate ganglion]. / Lokaliztsiia neironov, proetsiruiushchikhsia cherez postganglionarnye nervy zvezdchaogo uzla.

Distribution of neurons, forming cardiac nerves of the cat stellate ganglion, has been investigated. The inferior cardiac nerve conducts inotropic influences to the heart. It is formed by the neurons localized in the caudal part of the ganglion. The caudal anastomosis conducts chronotropic influences to the heart. It is formed by the neurons localized in the inferior part of the ganglion and the ventral horn of the spinal nucleus and nucleus intercalatus. Axons of the preganglionic neurons pass through the ganglion and are not interrupted.

[Sympathetic efferent activity in various nerves and regional blood flow in controlled bradycardia]. / Simpaticheskaia éfferentnaia aktivnost' v razlichnykh nervakh i regionarnyi krovotok pri upravliaemoi bradikardii.

The effect of prolonged controlled bradycardia on efferent sympathetic activity of cervical, splanchnic and femoral nerves and regional blood flow in carotid, splanchnic and femoral arteries were studied in anesthetized cats. Initial drop of blood flow followed its increase in carotid and femoral arteries. The activity considerably increased in corresponding nerves. Blood flow increased only by the end of the 1st hour of bradycardia in splanchnic artery. Inhibition of activity occurred in splanchnic nerve. Compensatory reactions of blood flow were absent in regional vessels against the background of the phentolamine alpha-adrenoreceptor blockade.

[Pre- and postganglionic pathways conducting central sympathetic chrono- and inotropic effects to the heart of the cat]. / Pre- i postganglionarnye puti, provodiashchie tsentral'nye simpaticheskie khrono- i inotropnye vliianiia k serdtsu u koshek.

In anesthetized cats, the preganglionic input to the stellate ganglion involved Th3 and Th4 white rami. The chronotropic influences to the heart travelled through caudal anastomose whereas inotropic those--through inferior cardiac nerve. Neurons of these nerves are distributed over the ganglion stellate in different sites. The data obtained suggest that the pathways relating central sympathetic influences, are specialized.

[Analysis of the effect of volley stimulation of the vago-sympathetic trunk on establishment of the heart rate]. / Analiz vliianiia zalpovogo razdrazheniia vago-simpaticheskogo stvola na formirovanie ritma serdtsa.

In electrical stimulation of the frog vago-sympathetic nerve, oscillations of the cardiac rhythm depended upon changes of the pacemaker MPs.