RESUMO
Adipocyte dysfunction is strongly associated with the development of obesity and insulin resistance. It is accepted that the regulation of adipocytokine expression is one of the most important targets for the prevention of obesity and improvement of insulin sensitivity. In this study, we have demonstrated that anthocyanin (cyanidin 3-glucoside; C3G) which is a pigment widespread in the plant kingdom, ameliorates hyperglycemia and insulin sensitivity due to the reduction of retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) expression in type 2 diabetic mice. KK-A(y) mice were fed control or control +0.2% of a C3G diet for 5 weeks. Dietary C3G significantly reduced blood glucose concentration and enhanced insulin sensitivity. The adiponectin and its receptors expression were not responsible for this amelioration. C3G significantly upregulated the glucose transporter 4 (Glut4) and downregulated RBP4 in the white adipose tissue, which is accompanied by downregulation of the inflammatory adipocytokines (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha) in the white adipose tissue of the C3G group. These findings indicate that C3G has significant potency in an anti-diabetic effect through the regulation of Glut4-RBP4 system and the related inflammatory adipocytokines.
Assuntos
Antocianinas/farmacologia , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/tratamento farmacológico , Glucosídeos/farmacologia , Hiperglicemia/tratamento farmacológico , Resistência à Insulina/fisiologia , Adipocinas/genética , Adipocinas/metabolismo , Adiponectina/genética , Adiponectina/metabolismo , Tecido Adiposo Branco/efeitos dos fármacos , Tecido Adiposo Branco/metabolismo , Animais , Antocianinas/química , Antocianinas/uso terapêutico , Glicemia/metabolismo , Western Blotting , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Regulação para Baixo/efeitos dos fármacos , Regulação para Baixo/genética , Teste de Tolerância a Glucose , Transportador de Glucose Tipo 4/genética , Transportador de Glucose Tipo 4/metabolismo , Glucose-6-Fosfatase/metabolismo , Glucosídeos/química , Glucosídeos/uso terapêutico , Hiperglicemia/sangue , Mediadores da Inflamação/antagonistas & inibidores , Mediadores da Inflamação/metabolismo , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos , Estrutura Molecular , Receptores de Adiponectina/genética , Receptores de Adiponectina/metabolismo , Proteínas Plasmáticas de Ligação ao Retinol/genética , Proteínas Plasmáticas de Ligação ao Retinol/metabolismo , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase ReversaRESUMO
Burkholderia sp. strain AK-5 utilized 4-aminophenol as the sole carbon, nitrogen, and energy source. A pathway for the metabolism of 4-aminophenol in strain AK-5 was proposed based on the identification of three key metabolites by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. Strain AK-5 converted 4-aminophenol to 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene via 1,4-benzenediol. 1,2,4-Trihydroxybenzene 1,2-dioxygenase cleaved the benzene ring of 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene to form maleylacetic acid. The enzyme showed a high dioxygenase activity only for 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene, with K(m) and V(max) values of 9.6 micro M and 6.8 micro mol min(-1) mg of protein(-1), respectively.
