RESUMO
According to the phylogenetic theory of general pathology, seven biological functions have been formed over billions of years. 1. biological function of trophology, nutrition; 2. homeostasis function; 3. biological function of endoecology; 4. function of adaptation; 5. function of the continuation of the species; 6. function of locomotion and 7. cognitive biological function, including intelligence. Millions of years in life consistently in the waters of several oceans, all the ancestors of man were carnivorous (Carnivores), fish-eating mammals. When the ocean retreated and the carnivorous (fish-eating) were on land, each individual privatized a "piece" of the ocean. Animals transformed it ito a pool of intercellular medium in vivo. The biological role of the late in the phylogeny of insulin is the formation of new biological functions in vivo. The action of insulin has transformed the carnivorous (fish-eating) ocean into herbivorous (Herbivores) species on land. There was it by synthesis in vivo from exogenous glucose of fatty acids (FA). Regulatory action of insulin was the directed conversion of exogenous glucose into ω-6 C18: 1 cis-oleic FA. Insulin late in phylogeny expressed the synthesis of new, conjugated enzymes: it is palmitoyl-CoA-elongase and stearyl-CoAdesaturase. Two enzymes synthesized FAs along the way: synthesized in situ de novo, from exogenous glucose, C16: 0 palmitic acid â C18: 0 stearic acid â ω-6 C18: 1 cis-oleic acid without accumulation of stearic FA. Insulin is not converted into an oleic FA exogenous palmitic acid from carnivorous food. On land, the action of insulin transformed the species Homo sapiens, into a herbivore, but with carnivorous, fish-eating, past. The idea of a person as omnivorous (Omnivor) - nonsense; such forms of nature did not form. Violation of the function of nutrition, the biological reaction of exotrophy (external nutrition), is the etiological and pathogenetic basis of the seven metabolic pandemics, the diseases of civilization. 1. Atherosclerosis and atheromatosis; 2. metabolic arterial hypertension; 3. metabolic syndrome; 4. obesity; 5. syndrome of insulin resistance; 6. non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and 7. endogenous hyperuricemia. The primary prevention of metabolic pandemics in the biological function of nutrition, in the biological reactions of exo-and endotrophy, will allow us to understand the theoretical bases and implementation of preventive actions that will determine the characteristics of nutrition in the future.
Assuntos
Herbivoria , Animais , Humanos , Insulina , Resistência à Insulina , Síndrome Metabólica , FilogeniaRESUMO
In organism, differences in physical chemical properties and physiological role of positional isomeric forms of triglycerides of fatty acids consumed with food are well known. The Raman spectroscopy to analyze there is possible to be applied. Both of these circumstances are to be considered and applied in resolving practical issues of dietetics, i.g., in detection of falsification and replacement of butter and spreads with palm oil, as well as in monitoring ratio of fatty consumed by patients with cardiologic and oncologic pathology. The purpose of study is to determine possibilities of analyzing positional fatty acids isomers specific for butter and palm oil using portable and operational spectrometers of absorption in near infrared range. The technique of projections on latent structures was applied to obtain calibrations of spectrometers to detect content of 7 regulated fatty acids and percentage of milk fat and palm oil in fat-oil mixtures according specters of Raman and near infrared range spectrometers. The possibility of identifying positional isomers of animal and vegetable triglycerides according Raman spectra was confirmed. Besides, it is established that efficiency of determining (reliability, accuracy and selectivity) the proportions of the above oils using both Raman spectra and near-infrared optical density spectra was much higher than when calculating the percentage of the same oils using the content of 7 fatty acids. This fact reflects sensitivity of near infrared range absorption spectra both to length of the carbon chain and degree of unsaturation (number of double bonds C=C) of fatty acids and positional isomeric forms of triglycerides. The obtained data are used in formulating technical requirements and conditions for application of portable near infrared range spectrometer for mass analysis of fat-oil products.
Assuntos
Manteiga/análise , Ácidos Graxos/análise , Óleo de Palmeira/análise , Análise Espectral , Triglicerídeos/análise , Animais , Reprodutibilidade dos TestesRESUMO
The content of clinically important fatty acids and individual triglycerides in food and biological mediums are traditionally detected by gas and fluid chromatography in various methodical modifications. The techniques are hard-to-get in laboratories of clinical biochemistry. The study was carried out to develop procedures and equipment for operative quantitative detection of concentration of fatty acids, primarily palmitic saturated fatty acid and oleic mono unsaturated fatty acid. Also detection was applied to sums ofpolyenoic (eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid) fatty acids in biological mediums (cod-liver oil, tissues, blood plasma) using spectrometers of short-range infrared band of different types: with Fourier transform, diffraction and combined scattering. The evidences of reliable and reproducible quantitative detection offatty acids were received on the basis of technique of calibration (regression) by projection on latent structures using standard samples of mixtures of oils and fats. The evaluation is implemented concerning possibility of separate detection of content of palmitic and oleic triglycerides in mediums with presence of water The choice of technical conditions and mode of application of certain types of infrared spectrometers and techniques of their calibration is substantiated
Assuntos
Ácidos Docosa-Hexaenoicos/análise , Ácido Eicosapentaenoico/análise , Ácido Oleico/análise , Ácido Palmítico/análise , Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier/métodos , Triglicerídeos/análise , Animais , Manteiga/análise , Calibragem , Óleo de Fígado de Bacalhau/química , Análise de Alimentos , Humanos , Margarina/análise , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier/instrumentaçãoRESUMO
The article presents the current understanding of the etiology, pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, its basic forms, risk factors, prevalence and clinical course. Shows the data of research on the effectiveness of purely herbal product Legalon, in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The 2-month course of treatment was underwent in the research team, on that background there was noted positive dynamics: cropped asthenic syndrome, pain and heaviness in the right hypochondrium, dyspepsia. In assessing of the biochemical parameters was shown a significant decrease in serum transaminases, gamma-glyutamiltransaminazy level.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/uso terapêutico , Fígado Gorduroso/tratamento farmacológico , Silimarina/uso terapêutico , Adulto , Idoso , Astenia/induzido quimicamente , Dispepsia/induzido quimicamente , Fígado Gorduroso/metabolismo , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Dor/induzido quimicamente , Silimarina/efeitos adversos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
A method for the diagnosis of labyrinthine hydrops is proposed that takes advantage of specific physiological features of internal ear functioning. Namely, the basal membrane of the inner ear exposed to a low-frequency tone undergoes synchronous sinusoidal oscillations along its entire length; simultaneously, sensitivity of the organ of Corti changes periodically. Under normal conditions, perception of 1,000 Hz tonal signals at the background of a low-frequency masker varied substantially depending on the phase during which the signal came. In the maximum discharging phase that corresponded to a 270 degree deviation of the basal membrane from its initial position, it was maximally displaced towards the vestibule staircase, and perception of the test tone was most affected. Patients with hydrops of the internal ear exhibited phase-independent constant perception of high-frequency tonal signals against the background test tone. It is concluded that the method of phase audiometry can be used in large research centres for the comprehensive evaluation of cochlear-vestibular function during hydrops formation.
Assuntos
Audiometria de Tons Puros/métodos , Orelha Interna/fisiopatologia , Hidropisia Endolinfática/fisiopatologia , Hidropisia Endolinfática/diagnóstico , HumanosRESUMO
Analysed herein are the outcomes of endoscopic dissection of perforating veins (EDPV) in a total of 113 patients presenting with chronic venous insufficiency (CVI). Of these, 71 patients suffered from varicose disease (VD) and 42 subjects had postthrombophlebic disease (PTPD). 54.9 % of the patients were in CEAP class C5-6. All of them underwent EDPV combined with simultaneous phlebectomy or crossectomy. The control group consisted of 26 patients who endured the classic operation by the Linton technique. All those engaged underwent ultrasonograp-hic angioscanning, with part of them being subjected to distal phlebography. Postoperative complications were observed in 2.65 % of the Study Group patients subjected to the EDPV procedure combined with phlebectomy, and in 34.5 % of those who had endured the Linton's operation. Both subjective and clinical assessment of surgical outcomes made it possible to define the obtained results as good in 82.3% of cases, as fair in 14.16%, and in four patients with PTPD, the results were defined as poor. The hospital stay following surgery in the Study Group patients amounted to 7.3+/-0.54 bed days, while in those of the Comparison Group it was 21.2+/-0.74 bed days. The obtained findings make it possible to conclude that the scope of surgical interventions in patients presenting with CEAP class C4-6 CVIs should in the majority of cases amount to simultaneous EDPV and radical venectomy. Such policy reduces the duration of the hospital stay 2.7-fold, with a 1.76-fold decrease in the treatment costs.
Assuntos
Tratamento Farmacológico/métodos , Endoscopia/métodos , Veias/cirurgia , Insuficiência Venosa , Adulto , Idoso , Doença Crônica , Terapia Combinada , Análise Custo-Benefício , Feminino , Custos de Cuidados de Saúde , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Insuficiência Venosa/tratamento farmacológico , Insuficiência Venosa/economia , Insuficiência Venosa/cirurgiaAssuntos
Ácido Gástrico/metabolismo , Infecções por Helicobacter/diagnóstico , Infecções por Helicobacter/tratamento farmacológico , Helicobacter pylori/efeitos dos fármacos , Gastropatias/diagnóstico , Gastropatias/tratamento farmacológico , Antibacterianos/administração & dosagem , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Antiulcerosos/administração & dosagem , Antiulcerosos/uso terapêutico , Quimioterapia Combinada , Infecções por Helicobacter/etiologia , Infecções por Helicobacter/metabolismo , Humanos , Moscou , Inibidores da Bomba de Prótons/administração & dosagem , Inibidores da Bomba de Prótons/uso terapêutico , Federação Russa , Gastropatias/etiologia , Gastropatias/metabolismoRESUMO
The subjects of the study (105 patients with blood system tumors), were divided into 4 groups. The patients of the first group received only cytostatic therapy. The subjects of the second, third and fourth groups were administered a combination of cytostatic and antibacterial agents. In addition to this, the patients of the third and fourth groups received prebiotic preparations as means of corrective therapy. The results obtained by measurement of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) in feces by means of liquid-gas chromatography were used as criteria for evaluation of the therapy influence on intestinal microflora. The study shows that the cytostatic and combined treatment worsen the disbalance between aerobe and anaerobe populations, which manifests in SCFA spectrum alteration. Use of prebiotic preparations results in improvement of intestinal microflora condition or prevents the aggravation of its disturbance caused by the treatment of the fundamental illness, which becomes apparent in stabilization or normalization of SCFA profile in feces. Study of SCFA makes it possible to monitor microbiocenosis, adjust corrective therapy individually and evaluate its effectiveness.
Assuntos
Antibióticos Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/farmacologia , Neoplasias Hematológicas/tratamento farmacológico , Mucosa Intestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Mucosa Intestinal/microbiologia , Probióticos/uso terapêutico , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Antibióticos Antineoplásicos/administração & dosagem , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/administração & dosagem , Bactérias Aeróbias/efeitos dos fármacos , Bactérias Anaeróbias/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
Survey of the circulation and spread of causative agents of the infection among wild rodents may predict the activation of an epizootic process and the aggravation of an epidemic situation. The status of a combined focus of leptospirosis and hantavirus infection in the Primorye Territory was studied. It was found that mixed infection may run in pocket mice (Phascogalinae) under natural conditions.
Assuntos
Infecções por Hantavirus/veterinária , Leptospira , Leptospirose/veterinária , Orthohantavírus , Doenças dos Roedores/epidemiologia , Animais , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/sangue , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Antígenos de Bactérias/análise , Antígenos Virais/análise , Orthohantavírus/imunologia , Orthohantavírus/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Hantavirus/epidemiologia , Leptospira/imunologia , Leptospira/isolamento & purificação , Leptospirose/epidemiologia , Camundongos , Doenças dos Roedores/sangue , Roedores , Federação Russa/epidemiologia , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Vísceras/microbiologia , ZoonosesRESUMO
Interferon- (IFN-)alpha is currently the standard of care treatment for patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. A significant part of the benefit of IFN-alpha in chronic hepatitis C is believed to be related to the activation of lymphocytes such as T cells and natural killer (NK) cells, which participate in the elimination of infected cells. Histamine dihydrochloride (HDC) has been shown to potentiate the IFN-alpha-induced activation of T cells and NK cells by a mechanism that involves the protection of these lymphocytes against oxygen radical-induced functional inhibition and apoptosis. This study was designed to examine the efficacy and safety of HDC in combination with IFN-alpha-2b in treatment-naïve patients with chronic HCV infection. All patients received IFN-alpha-2b, 3 MIU, three times weekly via subcutaneous injection, and were randomized to one of four HDC regimens (1 mg of either: once a day, three times a week; once a day, five times a week; twice a day, three times a week or; twice a day, five times a week). The doses of HDC in combination with IFN-alpha-2b resulted in sustained viral response rates ranging from 31% to 38%. Sustained biochemical response rates ranged from 28% to 41% across the four treatment groups. Patients infected with HCV genotype 1, and those with high baseline viral levels, which are characteristics associated with poor prognosis, had sustained virologic response rates ranging from 18% to 42% and 15% to 39%, respectively. Combination treatment was generally well tolerated. We propose that the potential benefit of HDC + IFN therapy for chronic HCV infection should be the focus of further investigation.
Assuntos
Antivirais/uso terapêutico , Hepacivirus/genética , Hepatite C Crônica/tratamento farmacológico , Histamina/uso terapêutico , Interferon-alfa/uso terapêutico , Adulto , Antivirais/efeitos adversos , Esquema de Medicação , Quimioterapia Combinada , Feminino , Hepatite C Crônica/genética , Hepatite C Crônica/fisiopatologia , Histamina/administração & dosagem , Histamina/efeitos adversos , Humanos , Interferon alfa-2 , Interferon-alfa/administração & dosagem , Interferon-alfa/efeitos adversos , Masculino , Proteínas Recombinantes , Resultado do Tratamento , Carga ViralAssuntos
Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Infecções por Helicobacter/tratamento farmacológico , Helicobacter pylori/efeitos dos fármacos , Compostos Organometálicos/uso terapêutico , Antiulcerosos/uso terapêutico , Úlcera Duodenal/tratamento farmacológico , Úlcera Duodenal/microbiologia , HumanosRESUMO
Comprehensive investigation of 2620 patients with general somatic diseases revealed acute gastroduodenal erosions in 252 of them and chronic gastroduodenal erosions in 178 patients. Principal differences between clinical, endoscopic and morphological features of those two types of erosion due to etiological and pathogenetic character of their formation were established as the changes in the immune response, disorders in the protein and lipid metabolism. Almost 75% of chronic erosions correlated with circulation disorders, the diseases of hepatobiliary system and were their local morphological equivalents.
Assuntos
Duodenite/diagnóstico , Gastrite/diagnóstico , Úlcera Péptica/diagnóstico , Adulto , Doenças Biliares/complicações , Doenças Cardiovasculares/complicações , Úlcera Duodenal/diagnóstico , Úlcera Duodenal/etiologia , Duodenite/etiologia , Duodenoscopia , Feminino , Gastrite/etiologia , Gastroscopia , Humanos , Hepatopatias/complicações , Masculino , Doenças Metabólicas/complicações , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Úlcera Péptica/etiologia , Úlcera Gástrica/diagnóstico , Úlcera Gástrica/etiologiaRESUMO
Blood alpha-fetoprotein, carcinoembyronic antigen, CA-19-9, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, hemoglobin and red cell sedimentation rate were measured in patients with stages III and IV gastric carcinoma and patients with benign diseases of the stomach. Alanine aminotransferase, sorbitol dehydrogenase and glutamate dehydrogenase were found diagnostically not informative in gastric carcinoma stages III and IV. A complex of measurements of alpha-fetoprotein, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and aspartate aminotransferase detected gastric carcinoma metastases to the liver in 84.6% of cases as against 61.5% detected by measurements of alpha-fetoprotein alone. A complex of measurements of carcinoembryonic antigen, CA-19-9, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, aspartate aminotransferase helped differentiate between gastric carcinoma stages III and IV. A complex of measurements of carcinoembryonic antigen, CA-19-9, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, aspartate aminotransferase, hemoglobin, and red cell sedimentation rate improved the diagnostic sensitivity in detection of gastric carcinoma stages III and IV to 70.8 and 100%, respectively.