Influence of environmental and seasonal factors on microbial contamination levels in clam production areas in southern Tunisia: Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., hepatitis A virus and norovirus. / Influence des facteurs environnementaux et saisonniers sur le niveau de contamination des zones de production des palourdes par Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., le virus de l'hépatite A et les norovirus dans la région de Sfax (Sud tunisien).

To study the influence of environmental and biological factors on levels of contamination by Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., hepatitis A virus (HAV) and norovirus in clam production areas, an epidemiological study was conducted on 791 samples of live clams (Ruditapes decussatus), 539 of which were sent for bacteriological analysis and 252 for detection of norovirus and HAV. These samples were collected in different production areas in the Sfax region of southern Tunisia over four consecutive years, from March 2013 to December 2016. The prevalence of positive samples was 36% for E. coli, 11% for Salmonella spp., 19% for norovirus and 3% for HAV. There was a significant correlation between contamination by E. coli and by Salmonella spp., as well as between contamination by noroviruses and by HAV and between contamination by noroviruses and by Salmonella spp. Temperature, the presence of migratory birds and tourism are the main factors affecting microbial contamination levels in bivalve molluscs.

Pour étudier l'influence des facteurs environnementaux et biologiques sur le niveau de contamination des zones de production des palourdes par Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., le virus de l'hépatite A (VHA) et les norovirus, une enquête épidémiologique a été réalisée en utilisant 791 échantillons de palourdes vivantes (Ruditapes decussatus), dont 539 destinés à des analyses bactériologiques et 252 destinés à la détection des norovirus et du VHA. Ces échantillons ont été collectés dans différentes zones de production de la région de Sfax (Sud de la Tunisie) durant quatre années consécutives, du mois de mars 2013 au mois de décembre 2016. La prévalence d'échantillons positifs était respectivement de 36 % pour E. coli, de 11 % pour Salmonella spp., de 19 % pour les norovirus et de 3 % pour le VHA. La corrélation était fortement significative entre la contamination par E. coli et celle par Salmonella spp., ainsi qu'entre la contamination par les norovirus et celle par le VHA et entre la contamination par les norovirus et celle par Salmonella spp. La température, la présence d'oiseaux migrateurs et l'activité touristique sont les principaux facteurs associés au niveau de contamination microbienne des mollusques bivalves.

Los autores describen una investigación epidemiológica encaminada a estudiar la influencia de los factores ambientales y biológicos sobre el nivel de contaminación de zonas de producción de almejas por Escherichia coli, salmonelas, virus de la hepatitis A (VHA) y norovirus. Para ello se llevó a cabo una investigación epidemiológica: en el curso de cuatro años consecutivos (de marzo de 2013 a diciembre de 2016), se obtuvieron en distintas zonas productivas de la región de Sfax (sur de Túnez) 791 muestras de almejas vivas (Ruditapes decussatus), de las que 539 fueron sometidas a análisis bacteriológicos y 252 sirvieron para detectar norovirus y el VHA. La prevalencia de muestras positivas resultó respectivamente del 36% para E. coli, del 11% para Salmonella spp., del 19% para los norovirus y del 3% para el VHA. Había una correlación muy significativa entre la contaminación por E. coli y la contaminación por salmonelas, y también entre la presencia de los norovirus y la del VHA y entre la de los norovirus y la de salmonelas. La temperatura, la presencia de aves migratorias y la actividad turística son los principales factores asociados al nivel de contaminación microbiana de los moluscos bivalvos.

What common biomarkers characterize a triple-negative profile in breast cancer?

Triple-negative breast cancers are not a homogeneous subgroup. There is substantial intra-subgroup diversity in tumor biology, prognosis and treatment sensitivity. Then, these triple-negative phenotype (TNP) groups, having specific features, can be again divided into subclasses based on an added immunohistochemical markers. The challenge in treating TNP breast cancers is that they are not responsive to antiestrogens or trastuzumab secondary to negative receptor status, and as a result have a poor prognosis. Therefore, the presence or absence of supplementary markers could help predict which therapies are best suited for patients based on the pattern that their disease markers show. In this review, we will recapitulate the major supplementary biomarkers related to triple-negative breast cancer, which could give new therapeutic options.

(AC) dinucleotide repeat polymorphism in intron 1 of human EGFR shows ethnic specificities and high evidence for association with breast cancer.

A polymorphic AC repeat in intron 1 of the EGFR gene was genotyped on 352 healthy individuals and 118 women with breast cancer sampled from the Kuwaiti and Tunisian populations. We compared allele frequencies in these populations with published data on various ethnic groups. We found very close similarity between Tunisian and Kuwaiti populations for both allelic and genotypic frequencies and in both control and patient groups. Our analysis revealed clear interethnic differences between populations; in Europeans, allele 16 occurred predominantly, whereas in Tunisia and Kuwait allele 17 was the most frequent and allele 20 predominated in Asians. One hundred twenty-three healthy women, matched with the 118 breast cancer patients, were used as controls to test for associations between AC repeat and cancer risk. Strong evidence for such an association was found for allele 18 when considered alone (chi2=27.04, corrected p=0.0000016, OR=3.94) or with longer alleles (>17 repeats) (chi2=20.21, p=0.0005, OR=2.30). This contrasts with Asian populations where allele 16 was identified as the risk allele, showing allele heterogeneity depending on ethnicity.