RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To assess the prognostic value of the expression of two negative regulators of the cell cycle, namely CDKN2/INK4a gene product (p16) and retinoblastoma gene product (pRb), in urinary bladder cancer in relation to clinicopathological parameters, proliferative fraction and p53 protein accumulation. METHODS: Paraffin sections from 139 patients with urothelial carcinomas were stained immunohistochemically with antibodies to p16 (F12), pRb (PMG3-245), p53 (DO1), PCNA (PC10) and Ki-67 (MIB-1). RESULTS: Diminished p16 and pRb expression occurred in 29 and 74% of cases, respectively, being associated with advanced stage but not with histological grade, papillary status or proliferation rate. In most cases (53%) with some fault in the p16/pRb pathway, only one gene was affected. A double-negative p16/pRb phenotype was comparatively uncommon (25%) and was usually seen in T3-T4 tumours. In survival analysis (either univariate or multivariate) aberrant p16 expression was an adverse prognostic parameter only in T3-T4 tumours. In contrast, the abnormal p16/pRb and p53/p16 phenotypes were linked to a diminished overall and disease-free survival (univariate analysis); p53/p16 abnormal expression was also found to be an independent predictor of reduced survival in muscle-invasive tumours, while proliferation markers were the only parameters with independent significance in superficial (Ta-T1) tumours. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that lack of p16 immunoexpression, when combined with p53 accumulation, plays an important role in determining the clinical outcome in muscle-invasive urothelial carcinomas.
Assuntos
Carcinoma de Células de Transição/genética , Inibidor p16 de Quinase Dependente de Ciclina/genética , Genes p53/genética , Proteína do Retinoblastoma/genética , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/genética , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/mortalidade , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/patologia , Divisão Celular , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Análise Multivariada , Prognóstico , Taxa de Sobrevida , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/mortalidade , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/patologiaRESUMO
This paper describes the synthesis of alpha-(dimethylaminoethyl)-gamma, gamma-diphenyl-gamma-butyrolactone 4. The study of convulsions induced, on mice, by this compound could show the existence of antiGABAergic and cholinergic action components, but, unlike the homologous alpha- (dialkylaminomethil)-gamma-butyrolactones (with one -CH2- less on the aminoalkyl chain), no antiglycinergic component was detected. The effects of atropine on the aminolactone 4 induced convulsions (antagonism 5mn and synergy 30 mn after atropine) could suggest an activation of the glutamatergic receptors (NMDA), by indirect stimulation of their glycinergic site, by the aminolactone 4.