[Comparative study of hazards of energy plutonium and standard Pu-239 using non stochastic effects]. / Sravnitel'naia opasnost' énergeticheskogo plutoniia i standartnogo 239Pu po nestokhastichesksim éffektom.

In experiment with rats it was found that the "energy" Pu is more toxic than standard 239Pu when entered endotracheally. The comparison was made by the non-stochastic effects. The toxicity in respiratory system and blood system was 1.8 and 1.6 times higher when calculated per 1sGy of absorbed dose and 1.6 and 1.1 times higher when calculated per 1kBg/kg of the amount taken, respectively.

[Modifying effect of tributylphosphate (TBP) and hexachlorbutadien (HCLB) on non-stochastic effects of inhaled Pu-239]. / Modifitsiruiushchee vliianie tributilfosfata (TBF) i geksakhlorbutadiena (GKhBD) na nestokhasticheskie éffecty ot ingaliruemogo 239 Pu.

It has been established in experiments on rats that under combined inhalation exposure to 239Pu along with TBP and HCLB in amounts which may cause the changes in blood and immune systems the enhancing of different non-stochastic effects on the average by two times on a basis of a unit absorbed dose in comparison with isolated nuclide inhalation.

[Changes in the entropy of heart mass in dogs during inhalation of transuranic radionuclides]. / Izmenenie éntropii massy serdtsa sobak pri ingaliatsii transuranovykh radionuklidov.

Altogether 140 random-bred dogs of both sexes, aged 2 to 4 (body mass 14.5 +/- 0.1 kg) were examined. Age-related changes of heart mass entropy, resulting from disorder in the correlation of cardiac parts during aging, progress with age. During inhalation of acute, subacute and chronic effective amounts of nitrates of polymeric 239Pu and monomeric 241Am aerosol particles, measured in micron, dog heart mass entropy increases as compared to the age control, and during inhalation of transuranic radionuclides at small amounts, causing the animals' life prolongation, heart mass entropy decreases.

[The effective and ineffective levels of the joint action of 239Pu and gamma radiation according to the change in the ECG indices of dogs]. / Effektivnye i neéffektivnye urovni sovmestnogo vozdeistviia 239Pu i gamma-izlucheniia po izmeneniiu nekotorykh pokazatelei EKG u sobak.

Effective and ineffective levels of the isolated and combined action of inhaled 239Pu and external gamma radiation on dogs were estimated by some changes in the ECG. Specific share of each factor in the combined effect and the quality coefficient of 239Pu were estimated by two criteria of changes in the ECG. The data were extrapolated to man by the most reliable criterion, that is, the decrease in the ECG voltage indicated by the sum of R I, II, III waves.

[Effective and non-effective levels of the inhalation action of transuranium radionuclides estimated by changes in the parameters of cardiac mass in dogs]. / Effektivnye i neéffektivnye urovni ingaliatsionnogo vozdeistviia transuranovykh radionuklidnov, rasschitannye po izmeneniiu parametrov massy serdtsa u sobak.

Effective and noneffective levels of inhalation of 239Pu and 241Am transuranium radionuclides were estimated by changes in heart mass parameters of 143 mongrel dogs.

[Quantitative assessment of inhalation exposure to various transuranium radionuclide compounds by integral nonstochastic criteria]. / Kolichestvennaia otsenka ingaliatsionnogo vozdeistviia raznymi soedineniiami transuranovykh radionuklidov po integral'nym nestokhasticheskim kriteriiam.

The comparison of the danger from inhalation of radionuclide transuranium compounds differently transferred within the body was made by the results of an examination of 169 mongrel dogs and 2000 Wistar rats. Effective and ineffective levels of the radionuclide inhaled were determined by integral nonstochastic criteria, that is, 50 per cent death rate, shortening and increase of the average life and reduction of body mass.

[Effect of lowered relative humidity of the air on the accumulation of plutonium-239 in the body and its biological effectiveness]. / Vliianie ponizhennoi otnosite'lnoi vlazhnosti vozdukha na povedenie plutoniia-239 v organizme i ego biologicheskuiu éffektivnos't.

The experiments on rats show that the 4-month elevated air dryness has no impact on body accumulation of 239Pu but causes more distinct forms of bronchitis and interstitial pneumonia combined with the strain in medullary hemopoiesis and reactivity intensification of pulmonary and B-system immunity. Under prolonged effect of both factors a breakdown in fully adequate immune response can occur.

[Effect of external gamma radiation on shortening the life expectancy and rates of the formation of absorbed doses from incorporated 239Pu in dogs]. / Vliianie vneshnego gamma-izlucheniia na sokrashchenie prodolzhitel'nosti zhizni i tempy formirovaniia pogloshchennykh doz u sobak ot inkorporirovannogo 239Pu.

External gamma irradiation of dogs with doses of 103.2 and 51.6 mC/kg combined with the effect of inhaled plutonium-239 accelerates the formation of absorbed doses in secondary organs of the radionuclide deposition by 41.7 and 2.4 times, respectively, whereas the dose of 25.8 mC/kg is ineffective. As estimated by the rate of 239Pu accumulation and by the life span shortening, the minimum effective and the maximum ineffective doses are 104.8 and 80.5 cGy and 89.2 and 79.2 cGy, respectively.

[Quantitative evaluation of the effectiveness of exposure of the joints to 239Pu and tributyl phosphate by the degree of leukopenia in rats]. / Kolichestvennaia otsenka éffektivnosti sovmestnogo vozdeistviia 239Pu i tributilfosfata po stepeni leikopenii u krys.

The efficiency of the combined effect of 239Pu and tributyl phosphate was estimated by the severity of leucopenia in Wistar rats using the regression method and comparing the value of the actual change with the expected one. It was shown that the additive effect of the two agents delivered simultaneously was only exceeded when their doses were the largest that is, approximate the acute levels. With levels ranging from subacute effective to minimum effective ones the additivity diminished.

[Morphologic manifestations of early and late consequences of inhalation damage from 241Am to dogs]. / Morfologicheskie proiavleniia blizhaishikh i otdalennykh posledstvii ingaliatsionnogo porazheniia 241 Am u sobak.

In experiments on 56 mongrel dogs of both sexes it was shown that the severity of 241Am-induced injury to dogs was manifested by purulent and fibrous pneumonia combined with pneumosclerosis (acute damage), liver cirrhosis and pneumosclerosis (subacute damage), and malignant tumors in the skeleton, lungs, liver, and thyroid gland, and pneumosclerosis (chronic injury).

[Absorbed doses and hematological shifts in dogs inhaling submicron 239Pu dioxide]. / Pogloshchennye dozy i gematologicheskie sdvigi u sobak pri ingaliatsii submikronnoi dvuokisi 239Pu.

In dogs breathing submicron 239Pu dioxide, the absorbed doses were determined in 12 organs and tissues where the radionuclide was deposited; the integral doses to a whole body were also determined by the sum of the exposed organs. The relationship of the hematologic changes not only with the doses for "critical" tissues but also with the integral dose was studied.

[Changes in hemodynamics and ECG in dogs following whole-body external gamma-irradiation]. / Izmeneniia gemodinamiki i EKG u sobak posle obshchego vneshnego gamma-oblucheniia.

Experiments were made on dogs of both sexes aged 2 to 4 with the body mass of 15.3 +/- +/- 1.1 kg. The animals were exposed to single external whole-body gamma-beam irradiation with 60Co at a dose rate of 1.03-1.3 mA/kg. The exposure dose was 51.6 mC/kg. It was shown that the irradiated dogs developed hemodynamic shifts indicating the formation of conditions first for the overstrain of the left cardiac region (arterial hypertension and a decrease in the vascular coefficient indicating an increase in the precapillary tension of the greater circulation) and then for that of the right cardiac region (an increase in the vascular coefficient, concomitant weakening of the precapillary tension of the greater circulation and an elevated influx of the venous blood to the right cardiac region). According to the ECG results, gamma-beam irradiation at a dose of 51.6 mC/kg resulted in noticeable stabilization of cardiac rhythm as compared to the initial one in the course of one month. Later on the irradiated animals developed more marked tachycardia as compared to the control animals of the same age. In most cases tachycardia was combined with bradycardia. After 3.5-4,5 years 75% of the dogs showed signs of the left ventricular overstrain which 6.5-7 yrs later were supplemented in 50% of the animals by the "P-pulmonale" complex typical of the overstrain of the right atrium. In most dogs the formation of the signs of the overstrain of the left and right cardiac regions over time was accompanied by clear-cut changes in the position of the heart. A significant disorder of myocardial function in the irradiated animals showed evidence for the appearance of the coronary T wave in leads II and III and aVF lead.

[Changes in the mucous membrane of the trachea and bronchi in dogs based on bronchoscopic data for the combined action of 239Pu and gamma-radiation as compared with the individual actions]. / Izmeneniia slizistoi obolochki trakhei i bronkhov u sobak po dannym bronkhoskopii pri sovmestnom vozdeistvii 239Pu i gamma-izlucheniia po sravneniiu s razlichnym vozdeistviem.

It was established that under conditions of combined exposure of dogs to external gamma- and internal alpha-radiation, a preirradiation with 51.6 mC/kg gamma-rays prevents the development of the signs of endobronchitis which are typical for endobronchitis induced by inhalation of submicron 239Pu dioxide and manifested by hyperemia of trachea and bronchus mucosa, edema, and the presence of mucopurulent exudate.

[Comparative assessment of the danger of inhaling 239Pu and 241Am based on the degree of leukopenia in dogs]. / Sravnitel'naia otsenka opasnosti vdykhaniia 239Pu i 241Am po stepeni leikopenii u sobak.

From the analysis of the results of examination of 96 dogs it is concluded that the estimate of a relative danger of breathing transuranium radionuclides with different metabolism rates (polymeric 239Pu and monomeric 241Am), according to degree of leukopenia is more reliable when it is compared with a mean weighed dose per whole organism than the dose per individual "critical" organ.

[Hemodynamics and the parameters of the heart mass in the dog after inhalation of submicron 239Pu dioxide]. / Gemodinamika i parametry massy serdtsa u sobak pri ingaliatsii submikronnoi dvuokisi 239Pu.

The growth of the right heart mass was mainly registered in dogs after inhalation of different quantities of 239Pu submicron dioxide. This was correlated with the value of 239Pu deposited in the lungs and associated with the systemic hemodynamic disorders.

[Degree of damage to dogs from a combination of external gamma-radiation and inhalation of submicron 239Pu dioxide evaluated by integral indices]. / Otsenka stepeni porazheniia sobak po nekotorym integral'nym pokazateliam pri sochetanii vneshego gamma-izlucheniia i ingaliatsii submikronnoi dvuokisi 239Pu.

The possibility of quantitation of the organism affection by the combined effect of external gamma-irradiation (103.2 and 51.6 mC/kg) and succeeding inhalation of different amounts of 239Pu submicron dioxide was shown on 55 mongrel dogs using the following criteria: the rate of extracellular fluid accretion and the body weight loss.