RESUMO
We determine the dynamic magnetization induced in nonmagnetic metal wedges composed of silver, copper, and platinum by means of Brillouin light scattering microscopy. The magnetization is transferred from a ferromagnetic Ni80Fe20 layer to the metal wedge via the spin pumping effect. The spin pumping efficiency can be controlled by adding an insulating interlayer between the magnetic and nonmagnetic layer. By comparing the experimental results to a dynamical macroscopic spin-transport model we determine the transverse relaxation time of the pumped spin current which is much smaller than the longitudinal relaxation time.
RESUMO
Efforts to significantly perturb the timing mechanism, and thus the period, of the rhythm responsible for circadian conidiation in bd, a strain of Neurospora crassa, by altering the medium composition have been unsuccessful. Various salt solutions, sugars, and amino acids do, however, have pronounced effects on growth and conidiation, and thus on the expression and persistence of rhythmicity.Aeration stimulates conidiation in growth-tube cultures, thereby allowing experiments which demonstrate that nearly all strains and species of Neurospora are capable of circadian conidiation. These results extend to Neurospora the generalization that physiological and developmental regulation in all eukaryotic organisms has a circadian component. Aeration also increases the persistence of circadian conidiation suggesting that the damping of rhythmicity previously observed on certain media represents the cessation of conidiation, rather than the stopping of a timing mechanism.Aeration is apparently effective in that it maintains CO(2) levels in growth-tube cultures below a critical concentration. Carbon dioxide was shown to inhibit conidiation in both wildtype and bd strains, with the latter being about 200 times more resistant than the former.
