Human Innate Lymphoid Cell Subsets Possess Tissue-Type Based Heterogeneity in Phenotype and Frequency.

Animal models have highlighted the importance of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in multiple immune responses. However, technical limitations have hampered adequate characterization of ILCs in humans. Here, we used mass cytometry including a broad range of surface markers and transcription factors to accurately identify and profile ILCs across healthy and inflamed tissue types. High dimensional analysis allowed for clear phenotypic delineation of ILC2 and ILC3 subsets. We were not able to detect ILC1 cells in any of the tissues assessed, however, we identified intra-epithelial (ie)ILC1-like cells that represent a broader category of NK cells in mucosal and non-mucosal pathological tissues. In addition, we have revealed the expression of phenotypic molecules that have not been previously described for ILCs. Our analysis shows that human ILCs are highly heterogeneous cell types between individuals and tissues. It also provides a global, comprehensive, and detailed description of ILC heterogeneity in humans across patients and tissues.

Results of 7302 stapled haemorrhoidectomy operations in a single centre: a seven-year review and follow-up questionnaire survey.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to evaluate the results of all 7302 stapled haemorrhoidectomy operations performed in a single centre. METHOD: A retrospective review of all 7302 patients who underwent stapled haemorrhoidectomy at our department over seven years was conducted. The hospital database was reviewed for subsequent readmissions and re-operations. A questionnaire survey was also sent out to all the patients. RESULTS: A total of 302 patients (4.1%) were admitted with post-operative bleeding and 281 stopped with conservative measures. Twenty one required surgical haemostasis. A total of 301 patients (4.1%) were admitted for an inability to void and 191 (2.6%) had true acute retention of urine, requiring catheterization. There were 124 patients (1.7%) admitted for pain, but all resolved with oral analgesia subsequently. Anal stricture requiring surgery occurred in only 86 patients (1.2%). Serious complications such as staple line dehiscence or anorectal sepsis occurred in seven patients. There were a total of 14 recurrences requiring readmission over this seven-year period, of which 12 were treated successfully with a second haemorrhoidectomy. A total of 1834 patients returned their questionnaire surveys and 95% of the patients reported complete resolution or improvement of their symptoms. Only 27 patients reported subsequent severe bleeding requiring medical attention. CONCLUSION: Stapled haemorrhoidectomy is safe, and most patients are satisfied with the long-term outcome.

Short-term results of DST EEA 33 stapler and neu@ anoscope for stapled haemorrhoidectomy: a prospective study of 1,118 patients from a single centre.

BACKGROUND: Stapled haemorrhoidectomy has been performed with different techniques and staplers. We review our initial experience with the new DST EEA 33 stapler and neu@ anoscope. METHODS: A review of all patients who underwent stapled haemorrhoidectomy using the DST EEA 33 over a 14-month period was conducted. Short-term outcomes of bleeding, pain and retention of urine requiring admission or strictures requiring surgical intervention were studied. RESULTS: There were 1,118 patients operated from August 2007 to October 2008. The median age was 46-year-old (20-82 years) and 51% were females. The median operating time was 15 min (range 5-45 min), and median follow-up was 7 months (range 3-16 months). There were 26 patients (2.3%) who were admitted for inability to pass urine and 20 required catheterisation. Fifty-two patients (4.6%) were admitted for post-operative bleeding. In 32 cases the bleeding stopped spontaneously, while 19 patients required adrenaline injection and packing for hemostasis. Only one patient required surgical hemostasis. Thirty-three patients (2.9%) were admitted for post-operative pain and stayed for a median of 1 day (range 1-4 days). There were 14 patients (1.2%) who developed anorectal strictures requiring surgical intervention. All underwent anoplasty at a median of 3 months post-operatively (range 2-5 months), with good result. There were no recurrent haemorrhoids during follow-up. CONCLUSION: Stapled haemorrhoidectomy using the DST EEA 33 stapler is safe. The neu@ anoscope provides good visibility and handling, and is a useful tool in this procedure.

The evaluation of CEEA 34 for stapled hemorrhoidectomy: results of a prospective clinical trial and patient satisfaction.

INTRODUCTION: Stapled hemorrhoidectomy (SH) has routinely been performed using Procedure for Prolapse and Hemorrhoids Proximate Hemorrhoidal Circular Staplers (Ethicon Endo-surgery, Cincinnati, OH). Premium Plus CEEA 34 (Tyco Healthcare, New Haven, CT) has been recently introduced for SH. This study aims to review the effectiveness of CEEA 34 for SH. METHODS: From April to June 2007, the SH procedure was performed or supervised by 5 experienced consultant surgeons. A quality of life telephone survey was performed within 4 to 6 weeks postoperatively. RESULTS: Two hundred thirteen patients (52% men and 48% women) with a median age of 46 years (range 26-78 years) underwent SH during the trial period. Median duration of surgery was 10 minutes (range 5-35 minutes). Ninety-seven percent underwent SH for third- and fourth-degree piles. Ten patients (4.7%) had bleeding postoperatively in the first week that ceased with adrenaline injection or pack, and 2 required transfusions. Eighty-three percent participated in the quality of life survey, and 92% of these patients expressed satisfaction with the outcome of the procedure. CONCLUSION: CEEA 34 for SH is safe and effective with few postoperative complications and high patient satisfaction.

A case report of endovascular stenting in Salmonella mycotic aneurysm: a successful procedure in an immunocompromised patient.

INTRODUCTION: Mycotic aneurysms are associated with high mortality rates and are managed in the local setting with extra-anatomical bypass followed by ligation, exclusion and debridement of the aneurysm. This is the first case of successful endovascular stenting in an immunocompromised patient with Salmonella mycotic aneurysm. CLINICAL PICTURE: A middle-aged man who was HIV positive had Salmonella septicaemia. He developed abdominal pain 5 days after admission and a computed tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen revealed infrarenal aortitis. He developed a mycotic aneurysm 3 weeks later. TREATMENT: He opted for endovascular stenting and after prolonged antibiotic therapy and negative blood cultures, he underwent the procedure using a Talent stent, with an iliac extension. OUTCOME: He was discharged 1 week after stenting and maintained on oral bactrim based on sensitivity. At 1-year follow-up, he remains well symptomatically and CT scan showed no endoleak or collection. CONCLUSION: Endovascular stenting, though a fairly new procedure, can be successfully deployed even in a mycotic aneurysm in the right setting.