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BACKGROUND: Deleterious germline mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are associated with a high risk of breast and ovarian cancer. In many developing countries, including Egypt, the prevalence of BRCA1/2 mutations among women with breast cancer (BC) is unknown. AIM: We aimed to determine the prevalence of deleterious germline BRCA mutations in Egyptian patients with breast cancer. METHODS: We report the results of a cohort study of 81 Egyptian patients with breast cancer who were tested for germline BRCA1/2 mutations during routine clinical practice, mostly for their young age of presentation, BC subtype, or presence of family history. In addition, we searched five databases to retrieve studies that reported the prevalence of BRCA1/2 mutation status in Egyptian women with BC. A systematic review of the literature was performed, including prospective and retrospective studies. RESULTS: In our patient cohort study, 12 patients (14.8%) were positive for either BRCA1/2 deleterious mutations. Moreover, 13 (16.1%) patients had a variant of unknown significance (VUS) of BRCA1/2 genes. Twelve studies were eligible for the systematic review, including 610 patients. A total of 19 deleterious germline mutations in BRCA1/2 were identified. The pooled prevalence of BRCA1/2 mutations was 40% (95% confidence interval 1-80%). CONCLUSION: The reported prevalence was highly variable among the small-sized published studies that adopted adequate techniques. In our patient cohort, there was a high incidence of VUS in BRCA1/2 genes. Accordingly, there is an actual demand to conduct a prospective well-designed national study to accurately estimate the prevalence of BRCA1/2 mutations among patients with BC in Egypt.
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Background. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a pathogenic bacteria involved in a wide spectrum of human diseases. Many virulence factors promote this widespread propagation. One important factor is acquiring antibiotic resistance genes, which leads to a reduction in the availability and efficacy of therapy options. Recently, research has suggested that the remarkable antimicrobial effect of antioxidants against superbugs such as MRSA shows synergistic effects when accompanied by antimicrobial therapy. This paper aims to examine the synergistic effects of ascorbic acid and nicotinamide with a panel of antibiotics used in antimicrobial therapy against MRSA. Material and Methods. Two SCCmec type IV MRSA reference strains (EMRSA-15 and USA300) and 10 MRSA clinical isolates feature in this paper. SCCmec typing was conducted on the 10 clinical isolates via multiplex PCR after identification. Synergy experiments on antioxidants and antibiotics were evaluated via checkerboard assay. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of each agent was determined in accordance with the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) M100 guidelines through twofold microdilution assay. Results and Discussion. Synergy (FIC <0.5) was demonstrated for ascorbic acid (1/2 to 1/4 MIC) with rifampicin (1/2 to 1/8 MIC), and also ascorbic acid (1/2 to 1/16 MIC) when associated with vancomycin (1/2 MIC). Similarly, nicotinamide (1/2 to 1/16 MIC) showed a synergistic effect when paired with low concentrations of rifampicin (1/2 to 1/16 MIC), and also (at 1/4 to 1/16 MIC) with vancomycin (1/2 MIC). All reduced MICs due to synergistic combinations demonstrated statistical significance (P<0.05). Conclusion. The synergistic activity demonstrated in associating antioxidants with antibiotics shows promise in managing superbugs. However, more research is required to better understand the mechanism of the synergy and for utilization in clinical care.
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Limited data are available on the epidemiology, clinical manifestations and outcomes of patients with invasive aspergillosis in Bahrain. This study was conducted retrospectively to determine the epidemiology of invasive aspergillosis and its risk factors, clinical presentation, underlying conditions, and outcomes over the past five years in a major hospital. The medical records of patients with positive Aspergillus cultures admitted to a major tertiary care hospital in Bahrain during 2009-2013 were reviewed. Cases were classified according to (1) the European Organization for the Research and Treatment of Cancer/Mycoses Study Group (MSG) criteria (proven, probable, possible IA or not classifiable) and (2) "validated" criteria to distinguish Aspergillus colonization from IA (putative or proven IA). Demographic, microbiologic and diagnostic data were collected, and outcomes were recorded. A total of 60 patients were included, of whom 44 were colonized (73.3%), and 16 had probable IA (26.7%); no proven or possible IA cases were identified according to the EORTC/Mycoses Study Group (MSG) criteria. In comparison, with the alternative "validated" criteria, 32 were colonized (53.3%), 28 had putative IA (46.7%), and none had proven IA (0%). The lung was the most common site of infection, and Aspergillus fumigatus was the most commonly isolated species (53%). Mortality was 25% among colonized patients, 44% in probable cases and 32% in those with putative IA. All patients were immunocompromised or had one or more predisposing factors. Independent risk factors for death among patients with IA included older age, history of mechanical ventilation, renal replacement therapy and higher sequential organ failure assessment scores at diagnosis.
