RESUMO
Increases in the wild boar Sus scrofa population create many conflicts that must be managed, especially because hunting represents a major cause of mortality in this game species. However, hunting effort is not distributed randomly and is influenced by many factors, including hunting methods. This can be especially important in understanding the nature of hunting pressure for both theoretical (ecological and evolutionary) and applied reasons (for management purposes, especially during infectious diseases, for example, African swine fever, outbreaks). We analyzed hunting data from the survey area in Western Poland from the years 1965-2016. In this period a total of 2335 wild boar were culled using two hunting methods: by individual hunters (43.8%) and by teams of hunters (52.0%). During the study period, the number of wild boars increased significantly but in a non-linear manner. More adult males and yearlings of both sexes were shot during individual hunts; more adult females were culled during team hunting. Moreover, the body mass of culled wild boars was positively influenced by the distance to a forest and during the team hunts heavier females and males were shot. To effectively control populations of wild boars, programs to reduce the number of individuals should be better planned and ensure the maintenance of proper age- and sex structure in the wild boar population.
RESUMO
The material was collected in three regions of Poland and consisted of 105 randomly chosen individuals killed during hunts (49 males, 56 females), out of which 51 were from Wielkopolska, 22 from Podkarpacie and 32 from Warmia. From each animal a blood sample was taken from the chest, stored in a probe with K2EDTA and frozen. The serum was used to establish the genotype for transferin and albumin whereas the samples with erythrocytes provided information on hemoglobin genotype. DNA was isolated from samples from each individual. Characteristics of eight (from among twelve studied) microsatellite loci and genetic distances were estimated by the use of standard computer package programs. Generally, monomorphism in blood proteins was registered. For the microsatellite loci the number of alleles ranged from 3 in the RT27-6-Fa locus (effectively two as the third allele was present only in two subpopulations with a very low frequency) to 10 in RT1-VI. Five loci showed heterozygosity of 0.5 or above which suggests their usefulness in parentage control. Considerable genetic distances (corresponding to geographical mileages) between the subpopulations were observed based on microsatellite markers.
Assuntos
Cervos/genética , Marcadores Genéticos , Variação Genética , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Primers do DNA , Eletroforese em Gel de Amido , Feminino , Masculino , Repetições de Microssatélites/genéticaRESUMO
The fatty acid (FA) composition of depot adipose tissues in the raccoon dog (Nyctereutesprocyonoides) and the European beaver (Castorfiber) differs from that reported for the lipids of other monogastric animals, especially with regard to the presence of trans-octadecenoic acids. The concentrations of pentadecanoic acid 15:0 (PA) and heptadecanoic acid 17:0 (HA) in the lipids of the tested animals ranged from 0.23 to 0.79% and from 0.33 to 2.35% of total FAs, respectively. The total content of their monounsaturated cis isomers varied from 0.12 to 2.75% for pentadecanoic acid (c-PA) and from 0.38 to 2.45% for heptadecanoic acid (c-HA). It is interesting that the tissues of European beavers and raccoon dogs contained also trans isomers of octadecenoic acid C18:1 (t-OA) including vaccenic acid C18:1,11t (VA), typical of ruminants. The presence of FAs with an uneven number of carbon atoms and trans-octadecenoic acids in depot adipose tissue is indicative of the process of hydrogenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid) in the digestive tract. The tissues of badgers also contained t-OA (from below 0.05% in the liver to 0.44% in the kidneys), but no VA was found.
