Two new species of Eriococcidae (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) in Japan.

Two new felt scale species (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Eriococcidae) collected in Japan, Acanthococcus torikurai Tanaka sp. nov. and Anophococcus koguchii Tanaka sp. nov., are described and illustrated based on the morphological characteristics of the adult females. Acanthococcus torikurai is similar to A. spiraeae Borchsenius 1949 but lacks small pores on hind legs, spinulae on the meso- and metathoracic coxae, a cauda on abdominal segment VIII and capitate ventral setae. Anophococcus koguchii is similar to An. socialis (Goux 1931) but differs in having seven-segmented antennae, two different sizes of macrotubular ducts on the venter, multilocular pores mostly with five loculi rather than seven or eight, and in lacking large pores on the metathoracic coxae and a cauda on abdominal segment VIII. A key to the 17 Eriococcidae species found in Japan is also provided.

Two new species of mealybugs (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae) from Japan.

Two new mealybug species (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae), namely, Dysmicoccus kunaw Tanaka sp. nov. and Phenacoccus miruku Tanaka Choi sp. nov., collected in Japan, are described based on the morphological characteristics of the adult females. Dysmicoccus kunaw resembles D. trispinosus (Hall 1923) and D. furcillosus Williams 2004, but differs from them in having two conical cerarian setae in each anal lobe cerarius, a considerable number of dorsal multilocular pores on the abdominal segments, and two types of oral collar tubular ducts on the venter. Phenacoccus miruku is similar to P. sisymbriifolium Granara de Willink 2007 and P. similis Granara de Willink 1983, but differs by lacking quinqelocular pores anterior to the mouthparts and translucent pores on the hind tibiae, and in the shape of the circulus. A molecular phylogenetic analysis was used to investigate the phylogenetic placements of the two new species. Keys to the species of Dysmicoccus Ferris and Phenacoccus Cockerell found in Japan are provided.

The identities of Pulvinaria camelicola Signoret 1873, stat. nov., and the related species,nbsp;Pulvinaria flocciferanbsp;(Westwood 1870) (Hemiptera: Coccidae) in Japan.

The soft scale, Pulvinaria floccifera (Westwood 1870) (Hemiptera: Coccidae) is a well-known agricultural and horticultural plant pest; however, there is some confusion surrounding its true taxonomic identity. The type specimens of P. floccifera differ morphologically from specimens described under this name in several recent studies. This confusion has arisen because the original description is too brief, and subsequent redescriptions were based on non-conspecific material. This taxonomically problematic situation has led to further confusion regarding the identity of P. floccifera. Herein, the oldest junior synonym of P. floccifera, i.e., Pulvinaria camelicola Signoret 1873 stat. rev., is revived to confer taxonomic stability to P. floccifera. The revived name, P. camelicola, is applied to a distinct species hitherto misidentified as P. floccifera. Morphological details of the adult female of P. camelicola stat. rev. are updated; and the adult female of P. floccifera is redescribed, based on specimens collected in Japan and some type specimens. A lectotype of P. floccifera are designated to stabilise the species identity. A key to the species of Pulvinaria found in Japan, and a table of diagnostic morphological character states of P. floccifera, P. camelicola stat. rev. and the type species of the genus, P. vitis (Linnaeus 1758), are provided to facilitate further taxonomic revision of the genus in the future.

Review of the genus Crisicoccus Ferris (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae) in Japan with description of a new species, and the identity of a South Korean mealybug misidentified as Crisicoccus matsumotoi (Shiraiwa 1935).

Mealybug species found in Japan belonging to the genus Crisicoccus Ferris (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae) are reviewed and the adult female of each valid species is described or update described and illustrated. Crisicoccus seruratus (Kanda 1933) and C. matsumotoi (Shiraiwa 1935) are found to be the same species, and are synonymized. A neotype is designated for C. seruratus for the purpose of taxonomic stability. A species from Japan previously identified by Ezzat & McConnell (1956) as C. matsumotoi is found to differ from specimens of C. matsumotoi from Japan and is described as a new species, Crisicoccus ezzati sp. nov. Other Crisicoccus species recorded from Japan (C. azaleae (Tinsley 1898) and C. pini (Kuwana 1902)) are characterized based on recently collected specimens. A species in South Korea that was misidentified as C. matsumotoi for over 40 years is identified as Spilococcus pacificus (Borchsenius 1949) and an updated description and an illustration of the adult female are provided. Identification keys to relevant genera and to adult females of species of Crisicoccus in Japan and Spilococcus Ferris in South Korea are provided.

Redescriptions of six Japanese species of the genus Pulvinaria (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) with four new synonymies.

Six Japanese species of the genus Pulvinaria Targioni Tozzetti (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha; Coccidae): P. aurantii Cockerell, 1896, P. hazeae Kuwana, 1902, P. idesiae Kuwana, 1914, P. kuwacola Kuwana, 1907, P. nipponica Lindinger, 1933 and P. photiniae Kuwana, 1914, are redescribed and illustrated based on type specimens and some newly collected adult females. In addition, Pulvinaria decorata Borchsenius, 1957 syn. nov. and P. ornata Froggatt, 1921 (nec Hempel, 1912) syn. nov. are proposed as new junior synonyms of P. aurantii, and Pulvinaria fujisana Kanda, 1960 syn. nov. and P. hydrangeae Steinweden, 1946 syn. nov. are proposed as new junior synonyms of P. kuwacola. Lectotypes are designated for P. idesiae, P. nipponica and P. photiniae from the syntypes of these species and, in the absence of any original material, neotypes are designated for P. hazeae and P. kuwacola, respectively, using specimens collected from the type localities. To facilitate comparisons, a table containing diagnostic morphological character states of the redescribed species and the type species of the genus, P. vitis (Linnaeus, 1758), is provided.

A parasitic insect on a parasitic plant: a new species of the genus Formicoccus Takahashi (Hemiptera, Coccomorpha, Pseudococcidae) from Ishigaki Island, Japan.

A new species of the genus Formicoccus Takahashi (Hemiptera, Coccomorpha, Pseudococcidae) collected from the holoparasitic plant Balanophorafungosa J. R. & G. Forst (Balanophoraceae), on Ishigaki Island, Japan, is described as Formicoccusyoshinoi Tanaka, sp. nov. based on the morphology of adult females. This species is similar to F.formicarius (1900) and F.erythrinae Williams, 2004, but differs from them by having fewer than six cerarii, and only one type of ventral oral collar tubular duct distributed on the medial area of the posterior abdominal segments. Keys to the Oriental species of the genus Formicoccus are provided.

A new species of the genus Luzulaspis (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) from Hokkaido Island, Japan.

A new species of soft scale insect (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae), Luzulaspis kinakikir Tanaka sp. nov., collected from Carex miyabei (Cyperaceae), on Hokkaido Island, Japan, is described and illustrated based on adult female morphology. The new species, which belongs to the Scotica group of Luzulaspis, is similar to L. filizae Kaydan, 2015, but can be distinguished from it by possessing multilocular pores with fewer loculi; numerous dorsal tubular ducts, obviously wider than the ventral tubular ducts, and by lacking dorsal tubular ducts on the head apex. An updated diagnosis of Luzulaspis and two identification keys, one to the Japanese species of Luzulaspis and the other to the species of the Scotica group of Luzulaspis, are provided.

Global phylogeography and invasion history of the spotted lanternfly revealed by mitochondrial phylogenomics.

Biological invasion has been a serious global threat due to increasing international trade and population movements. Tracking the source and route of invasive species and evaluating the genetic differences in their native regions have great significance for the effective monitoring and management, and further resolving the invasive mechanism. The spotted lanternfly Lycorma delicatula is native to China and invaded South Korea, Japan, and the United States during the last decade, causing severe damages to the fruits and timber industries. However, its global phylogeographic pattern and invasion history are not clearly understood. We applied high-throughput sequencing to obtain 392 whole mitochondrial genome sequences from four countries to ascertain the origin, dispersal, and invasion history of the spotted lanternfly. Phylogenomic analyses revealed that the spotted lanternfly originated from southwestern China, diverged into six phylogeographic lineages, and experienced northward expansion across the Yangtze River in the late Pleistocene. South Korea populations were derived from multiple invasions from eastern China and Japan with two different genetic sources of northwestern (Loess Plateau) and eastern (East Plain) lineages in China, whereas the each of Japan and the United States had only one. The United States populations originated through single invasive event from South Korea, which served as a bridgehead of invasion. The environmental conditions, especially the distribution of host Ailanthus trees, and adaptability possibly account for the rapid spread of the spotted lanternfly in the native and introduced regions.

Two new species of Coccomorpha (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha) collected from Japanese silver grass, Miscanthus sinensis (Poaceae) in Okinawa Island, Japan.

Two new species of Coccomorpha collected from Japanese silver grass, Miscanthus sinensis Andersson (Poaceae), in Okinawa Island, Japan, are described based on the morphology of adult females: Aspidiella kijimuna sp. nov. (Diaspididae) and Dysmicoccus bunagaya sp. nov. (Pseudococcidae). Aspidiella kijimuna is similar to A. phragmitis (Takahashi, 1931) but differs from it by having relatively well-developed and recognisable third lobes, and median lobes with rounded apices. Dysmicoccus bunagaya is similar to Trionymus okiensis Tanaka, 2018 but differs from it by having more than eight pairs of cerarii. Keys to all the Japanese species of Aspidiella and Dysmicoccus are provided.

Erratum: Corrigenda: A parasitic insect on a parasitic plant: a new species of the genus Formicoccus Takahashi (Hemiptera, Coccomorpha, Pseudococcidae) from Ishigaki Island, Japan. ZooKeys 1060: 171-182. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1060.71652.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1060.71652.].

Review of the Pulvinaria (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) species of the Ryukyu Islands, Japan.

All four species of the soft scale insect genus Pulvinaria Targioni Tozzetti (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) known from the Ryukyu Islands, Japan, are reviewed. For each species, the detailed morphology of the adult female is redescribed from specimens recently collected in the Ryukyu Islands and is compared with previous descriptions. A key to the species of Pulvinaria in the Ryukyu Islands is provided. A table of diagnostic morphological character states of the reviewed species and the type species of the genus, P. vitis (Linnaeus, 1758), is provided for use in future taxonomic revision of the genus; this comparison indicates that all four species of Pulvinaria in this region and the type species of the genus, P. vitis can be distinguished clearly from each other by several diagnostic morphological character states.

New genus of dikraneurine leafhopper (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Typhlocybinae) from Japan, with description of two new species.

A new genus, Stictotettix gen. nov. and two new species of Dikraneurini, S. cleyerae sp. nov. and S. morishimai sp. nov., are described and illustrated, based on the specimens from Japan. This new genus is unique in the male genital features of the aedeagal atrium. The two new species live on pentaphylacacean trees, Cleyera japonica and Eurya japonica, respectively.

Quality of primary care provided in community clinics in Japan.

BACKGROUND: Quality indicators (QIs) for primary care are used worldwide. To date, however, the use of QIs to assess the quality of primary care in Japan has not been reported besides diabetes care. Here, we used QIs to evaluate the quality of primary care services provided by local clinics in Japan. METHODS: Four primary care clinics participated in the retrospective medical chart review in 2015. To assess primary care quality, we used 18 process-oriented QIs from the Quality Indicators for Primary Care practice in Japan (QIPC-J) those we previously developed by using a modified Delphi appropriateness method, which comprises 39 QIs in five categories (Comprehensive care/Standardized care, Access, Communication, Coordination, and Understanding of patient's background). Adult subjects were selected from among patients who visited each clinic within the previous one year using medical claims data. We collected data by reviewing medical charts, and calculated the quality score for each QI and clinic. RESULTS: A cumulative total of 4330 medical charts were reviewed. The overall quality score was 31.5%. Adherence to QIs ranged from 3.2% to 85.6%. Some quality scores varied substantially between clinics but the overall quality of care among clinics varied less, from 29.2% to 34.0%. CONCLUSIONS: The quality of primary care services provided by local clinics in Japan varies by both QI and clinic. Strategies to improve the quality of care are warranted.

Phylogeography of the Assassin Bug Sphedanolestes impressicollis in East Asia Inferred From Mitochondrial and Nuclear Gene Sequences.

The assassin bug, Sphedanolestes impressicollis (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), is widely distributed in East Asia. It is an ideal model for evaluating the effects of climatic fluctuation and geographical events on the distribution patterns of East Asian reduviids. Here, we used two mitochondrial genes and one nuclear gene to investigate the phylogeographic pattern of the assassin bug based on comprehensive sampling in China, Japan, South Korea, Vietnam, and Laos. High levels of genetic differentiation were detected among the geographic populations classified into the northern and southern groups. A significant correlation was detected between genetic and geographical distances. The East China Sea land bridge served as a "dispersal corridor" during Pleistocene glaciation. The estimated divergence time indicated that the northern group may have separated from the eastern Chinese populations when the sea level rapidly rose during the "Ryukyu Coral Sea Stage" and the East China Sea land bridge was completely submerged. Demographic history and ecological niche modeling suggested that appropriate climatic conditions may have accounted for the rapid spread across the Korean Peninsula and Japan during the late Pleistocene. Our study underscores the pivotal roles of the Pleistocene sea level changes and climatic fluctuations in determining the distribution patterns of East Asian reduviids.

First record of the alien bamboo leafhopper, Branchana xanthota, in Japan (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae).

An alien bamboo leafhopper, Branchana xanthota Li, is recorded from Japan for the first time. Three species of bamboos are recognized as host plants: Phyllostachys bambusoides, Phyllostachys edulis and Pleioblastus simonii.

Invasion of the assassin bug Agriosphodrus dohrni (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) to Japan: Source estimation inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences.

A large-sized assassin bug Agriosphodrus dohrni (Signoret), has been recorded from India, Vietnam, China and Japan. It is one of the potential biological control agents against some important agricultural and forest pests. This species is speculated to have invaded Japan from its native range in China about 60 years ago. We used three mitochondrial gene fragments (COI, Cytb, and ND5) and one nuclear gene fragment (EF-1α) to clarify the invasion history of A. dohrni and assess the effects of geographic events and associated ecological adaptation on the distribution pattern. The native populations of A. dohrni in China are divided into three distinct groups, which might be molded by the Early Pleistocene glaciation event and diverged during the Calabrian Stage. However, consistent with the hypothesis of a recent invasion, extremely low level of genetic variation was detected in the Japanese populations, with only two haplotypes for the combined mitochondrial genes. Both the splits network and the ML/BI phylogenetic trees revealed that haplotypes of Japan were more closely-related to those from eastern China. Therefore, we postulate that there has been only one introduction event, probably from somewhere around the Nanjing (NJ) and Lin'an (LA) populations of eastern China.

Taxonomic study of the genus Scaphoideus Uhler (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Deltocephalinae) from Japan.

The Japanese species of the genus Scaphoideus are revised. Eight species are recognized from Japan, including four new species: S. ryukyuensis sp. nov. from the Ryukyus, S. pristiophorus sp. nov. from Honshu and Kyushu, S. aurantius sp. nov. from the Ryukyus and S. brevistylus sp. nov. from Honshu, Kyushu and the Ryukyus.