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1.
Biol Trace Elem Res ; 153(1-3): 309-18, 2013 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23640280

RESUMO

This study aimed to investigate the effects of a combination of a dairy product fermented by lactobacilli (DFL) and galactooligosaccharides (GOS) on mineral balances in growing rats with hypochlorhydria induced by a proton pump inhibitor (PPI). Three-week-old male rats were assigned to receive one of six diets: a control diet, control diets containing 1.6 or 5.0 % GOS, a DFL diet and DFL diets containing 1.6 or 5.0 % GOS for 9 days. From day 5 of the feeding period, half of the rats fed with control diets were subcutaneously administered with saline, whereas the remaining rats were administered with PPI for 5 days. Calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) balances were determined from days 6 to 9. PPI administration significantly decreased the apparent absorption of Ca and Fe and increased urinary P excretion, resulting in decreased Ca, Fe and P retention. GOS dose-dependently increased the apparent absorption of Ca, Mg and Fe and urinary Mg excretion and decreased urinary P excretion. DFL significantly increased the apparent absorption of Ca and Mg and urinary Mg excretion. The combination of DFL and GOS additively affected these parameters, resulting in increased Ca, P and Fe retention, and it further increased the apparent absorption and retention of Zn at 5.0 % GOS. In conclusion, the combination of DFL and GOS improves Ca, P and Fe retention in an additive manner and increases the Zn retention in growing rats with hypochlorhydria induced by PPI.


Assuntos
Acloridria/tratamento farmacológico , Laticínios , Fermentação , Lactobacillus/metabolismo , Oligossacarídeos/metabolismo , Inibidores da Bomba de Prótons/efeitos adversos , Acloridria/induzido quimicamente , Animais , Densidade Óssea , Masculino , Inibidores da Bomba de Prótons/uso terapêutico , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X
2.
J Dairy Res ; 80(3): 326-33, 2013 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23611495

RESUMO

A specific and simple competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed to determine bovine ß-casein phosphopeptides (ß-CPP) in casein phosphopeptides (CPP) or CPP complexes such as casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate complexes added into dairy products. The method combines sample pretreatment designed for CPP enrichment and anti-ß-CPP(f(1-25)) monoclonal antibody 1A5 (mAb 1A5). The mAb 1A5 bound specifically to the tryptic phosphopeptides from ß-casein but not from αs1- or αs2-casein. Reactivity was also influenced by the extent of the phosphorylated form of serine residues. Based on the sequence-specific recognition and contribution of phosphorylated serine residues, the epitope of mAb 1A5 was found to reside within the cluster motif Ser(P)-Ser(P)-Ser(P)-Glu-Glu and the surrounding residues in ß-CPP. The competitive ELISA developed here can be used as an alternative to specialised and expensive techniques such as mass spectrometry. In particular, it is suitable for the measurement of CPP or CPP complexes in dairy products, which contain closely related endogenous molecular species.


Assuntos
Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/métodos , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/análise , Fosfopeptídeos/análise , Animais , Anticorpos Monoclonais/imunologia , Especificidade de Anticorpos/imunologia , Bovinos , Epitopos/imunologia , Leite/química , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/imunologia , Fosfopeptídeos/imunologia , Fosforilação
3.
J Nat Prod ; 75(11): 1930-6, 2012 Nov 26.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23088730

RESUMO

Workers of the ant Carebarella bicolor collected in Panama were found to have two major poison-frog alkaloids, cis- and trans-fused decahydroquinolines (DHQs) of the 269AB type, four minor 269AB isomers, two minor 269B isomers, and three isomers of DHQ 271D. For the first time in an ant, however, the DHQs were accompanied by six histrionicotoxins (HTXs), viz., 283A, 285A, 285B, 285C, 287A, and 287D. This co-occurrence of the HTX and DHQ alkaloids is the usual pattern seen in dendrobatid frogs. This finding contrasts with our earlier study, where workers of a Brazilian ant, Solenopsis (Diplorhoptrum) sp., were found to have a very similar DHQ complex but failed to show HTXs. Several new DHQ alkaloids of MW 271 (named in the frog as 271G) are reported from the above ants that have both m/z 202 and 204 as major fragment ions, unlike the spectrum seen for the poison-frog alkaloid 271D, which has only an m/z 204 base peak. Found also for the first time in skin extracts from the comparison frog Oophaga granulifera of Costa Rica is a trace DHQ of MW 273. It is coded as 273F in the frog; a different isomer is found in the ant.


Assuntos
Alcaloides/isolamento & purificação , Alcaloides/farmacologia , Venenos de Anfíbios/isolamento & purificação , Venenos de Anfíbios/farmacologia , Formigas/química , Anuros/metabolismo , Venenos , Quinolinas/isolamento & purificação , Quinolinas/farmacologia , Alcaloides/química , Venenos de Anfíbios/química , Animais , Brasil , Costa Rica , Estrutura Molecular , Panamá , Quinolinas/química , Pele/efeitos dos fármacos , Estereoisomerismo
4.
Br J Nutr ; 106(10): 1487-94, 2011 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21736787

RESUMO

The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effects of hypochlorhydria induced by proton pump inhibitor (PPI) administration and intake of a dairy product fermented by lactobacilli (DFL) on bone metabolism in growing rats. Male rats, aged 3 weeks, were divided into two groups: a control group fed a casein-based diet and a group fed a DFL-based diet. Each group was fed its respective experimental diets for 9 d. At day 5 of the feeding period, each group was divided into two subgroups: one that received a saline injection and one that received a PPI injection. Rats were subcutaneously administered saline or PPI for 5 d. Faecal Ca excretion was determined from day 6 to day 9. At the end of the experiment, plasma and femurs were collected. Administration of PPI significantly decreased bone mineral density (shown by X-ray computerised tomography) and bone strength (shown by a three-point bending test) in the control group. Plasma osteocalcin, type I collagen C-telopeptides, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and parathyroid hormone concentrations were elevated by PPI administration in the control group. Faecal Ca excretion and urinary P excretion in the control group were remarkably increased by PPI administration. On the other hand, these adverse effects of PPI were not observed in the DFL group. These results suggest that hypochlorhydria-induced bone loss may result from high bone turnover induced by secondary hyperparathyroidism due to Ca malabsorption and that DFL intake cancels these adverse effects probably via improving Ca malabsorption in growing rats.


Assuntos
Acloridria/metabolismo , Osso e Ossos/metabolismo , Laticínios , Fermentação , Lactobacillus/metabolismo , Inibidores da Bomba de Prótons/farmacologia , Animais , Peso Corporal , Densidade Óssea , Osso e Ossos/efeitos dos fármacos , Cálcio/metabolismo , Suco Gástrico/metabolismo , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Masculino , Fósforo/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X
5.
Clin Nutr ; 30(4): 513-6, 2011 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21281994

RESUMO

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Gut ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) is considered an important mechanism underlying multiple organ failure after severe surgical insults. We previously demonstrated an enteral diet enriched with whey-hydrolyzed peptide, fermented milk, and isomaltulose to have anti-inflammatory effects in a concanavalin A-induced hepatitis model. Here, we investigated whether the immune-modulating diet (IMD), could prevent systemic inflammation, thereby improving survival in a gut I/R model. METHODS: Mice were randomized into control enteral diet (n = 58) or IMD (n = 56) for 2 weeks' feeding. In experiment 1, 39 mice underwent 45 min of gut ischemia, and were sacrificed at 3 h after reperfusion to collect blood samples. Plasma IL-6 and glucose levels were measured. In experiment 2, 75 mice underwent 60 min of ischemia, and their survival was observed until 48 h. RESULTS: Plasma IL-6 and glucose levels of the IMD group were significantly lower than those of control mice. In association with these changes, the IMD improved survival rate at early time points (12 and 30 h) after gut I/R (p < 0.05, χ(2) test). CONCLUSIONS: Nutritional management with the IMD may be useful for preventing systemic inflammatory response after gut I/R.


Assuntos
Laticínios/análise , Dieta , Isomaltose/análogos & derivados , Proteínas do Leite/administração & dosagem , Traumatismo por Reperfusão/dietoterapia , Animais , Glicemia/análise , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Nutrição Enteral/métodos , Fermentação , Trato Gastrointestinal/fisiopatologia , Hidrólise , Inflamação/prevenção & controle , Interleucina-6/sangue , Isomaltose/farmacologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos ICR , Insuficiência de Múltiplos Órgãos/prevenção & controle , Proteínas do Soro do Leite
6.
Biol Pharm Bull ; 34(1): 1-7, 2011.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21212509

RESUMO

The aim of this study is to examine the ability of the bile acid analogues obtained by chemical modification of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) for TGR5 activation. Eleven UDCA analogues including 3- or 7-methylated UDCAs and amino acid conjugates were investigated as to their ability to activate TGR5 by means of the luciferase assay. It was noteworthy that 7α-methylated UDCA, namely 3α,7ß-dihydroxy-7α-methyl-5ß-cholanoic acid, had a significantly high affinity for and ability to activate TGR5 as compared to UDCA. Additionally, FXR activation ability of 7α-methylated UDCA was low relative to that of UDCA. However, other modification of UDCA, such as the introduction of methyl group at its C-3 position and oxidation or epimerization of hydroxyl group in the C-3 position, could not elicit such remarkable effect. The present findings would provide a useful strategy for the development of TGR5-selective agonist.


Assuntos
Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/metabolismo , Ácido Ursodesoxicólico/análogos & derivados , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Estrutura Molecular , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/genética , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Ácido Ursodesoxicólico/química , Ácido Ursodesoxicólico/farmacologia
7.
Br J Nutr ; 105(1): 10-4, 2011 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20807468

RESUMO

We evaluated the absorption and metabolism of palatinose in rats by the carbohydrate load test and the 13C- and H2-breath tests. We compared the results of these tests with those of sucrose, since sucrose is an isomer of palatinose and generally known to be degraded and absorbed from the small intestine. In the carbohydrate load test, blood glucose and plasma insulin levels after oral administration of palatinose rose more gradually and reached a maximum that was lower than that after sucrose administration. In the 13C-breath test, rats were orally administrated [1-13C]sucrose or [1-13C]palatinose and housed in a chamber. The expired air in the chamber was collected, and the level of 13CO2 in the expired air was measured at appropriate intervals for 360 min. The value of time taken to reach the maximum concentration for expired 13CO2 from [1-13Cglucose] ([1-13Cglc]) and [1-13Cfructose] ([1-13Cfru]) palatinose was significantly longer than that from [1-13Cglc] and [1-13Cfru]sucrose, respectively. The value of area under the curve (AUC) for [1-13Cglc]palatinose was larger than that for [1-13Cglc]sucrose, but AUC for [1-13Cfru] showed no difference between palatinose and sucrose. In the H2-breath test, the concentration of H2 in the expired air was measured for 420 min. H2 was hardly detected with both palatinose and sucrose and no significant difference was observed between the two groups. These results suggest that palatinose is utilised in vivo at a rate equal to that of sucrose.


Assuntos
Glicemia/metabolismo , Sacarose Alimentar/farmacocinética , Insulina/sangue , Intestino Delgado/metabolismo , Isomaltose/análogos & derivados , Administração Oral , Animais , Área Sob a Curva , Testes Respiratórios/métodos , Dióxido de Carbono/metabolismo , Isótopos de Carbono , Sacarose Alimentar/metabolismo , Hidrogênio/metabolismo , Absorção Intestinal , Isomaltose/metabolismo , Isomaltose/farmacocinética , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Sacarose/metabolismo , Sacarose/farmacocinética
8.
Biol Trace Elem Res ; 142(2): 190-9, 2011 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20721639

RESUMO

Zinc (Zn) deficiency during pregnancy may result in a variety of defects in the offspring. We evaluated the influence of marginal Zn deficiency during pregnancy on neonatal bone status. Nine-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups and fed AIN-93G-based experimental diets containing 35 mg Zn/kg (Zn adequately supplied, N) or 7 mg Zn/kg (low level of Zn, L) from 14-day preconception to 20 days of gestation, that is, 1 day before normal delivery. Neonates were delivered by cesarean section. Litter size and neonate weight were not different between the two groups. However, in the L-diet-fed dam group, bone matrix formation in isolated neonatal calvaria culture was clearly impaired and was not recovered by the addition of Zn into the culture media. Additionally, serum concentration of osteocalcin, as a bone formation parameter, was lower in neonates from the L-diet-fed dam group. Impaired bone mineralization was observed with a significantly lower content of phosphorus in neonate femurs from L-diet-fed dams compared with those from N-diet-fed dams. Moreover, Zn content in the femur and calvaria of neonates from the L-diet group was lower than that of the N-diet-fed group. In the marginally Zn-deficient dams, femoral Zn content, serum concentrations of Zn, and osteocalcin were reduced when compared with control dams. We conclude that maternal Zn deficiency causes impairment of bone matrix formation and bone mineralization in neonates, implying the importance of Zn intake during pregnancy for proper bone development of offspring.


Assuntos
Matriz Óssea/metabolismo , Calcificação Fisiológica/fisiologia , Zinco/deficiência , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Feminino , Gravidez , Complicações na Gravidez , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Zinco/fisiologia
9.
J Phys Chem B ; 113(31): 10732-49, 2009 Aug 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19603811

RESUMO

A group of highly mobile particles that exceed the mobility restrictions given by mutually attractive forces among particles cannot mix homogeneously at the microscopic level with a group of low-mobility particles; low-mobility particles that participate in physical cluster formation caused by mutually attractive forces among particles cooperate with high-mobility particles to give the fluid a specific structure. If the pair correlation function is given as the sum of a correlation function that depends on the contribution of particles participating in the physical cluster formation and a correlation function that involves the contribution of high-mobility particles not participating in the physical cluster formation, the behavior of partial contributions to the pressure estimated from the virial equation reveals cooperation generated between particles forming physical clusters and high-mobility particles. Moreover, the behavior of partial contributions to the pressure demonstrates that branches of large stabilized physical clusters can form three-dimensional cavities confining high-mobility particles. The formation of three-dimensional cavities allows a fluid to have a specific microscopic structure.

10.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun ; 374(2): 351-5, 2008 Sep 19.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18638447

RESUMO

NADPH oxidase is a major source of the superoxide produced in cardiovascular tissues. The expression of NOX1, a catalytic subunit of NADPH oxidase, is induced by various vasoactive factors, including angiotensin II, prostaglandin (PG) F(2alpha), and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). It was reported previously that the inducible expression of NOX1 is governed by the activating transcription factor-1 (ATF-1)-myocyte enhancer factor 2B (MEF2B) cascade downstream of phosphoinositide 3 (PI3) kinase. It was also reported that extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 is involved in the expression of NOX1. To further clarify the factors involved in NOX1 induction downstream of ERK1/2, the promoter region of the NOX1 gene was analyzed. A consensus activator protein-1 (AP-1) site was found at -98/-92 in the 5'-flanking region of the rat NOX1 gene. The introduction of mutations at this site abolished PGF(2alpha)-induced transcriptional activation in a luciferase assay. Electrophoresis mobility shift assays demonstrated that PGF(2alpha) and PDGF augmented the binding of JunB to this sequence. PD98059, an inhibitor of MAPK/ERK kinase, suppressed the expression of JunB induced by PGF(2alpha) or PDGF. These results suggest that the ERK1/2-JunB pathway is a key regulator of the inducible expression of the NOX1 gene in vascular smooth muscle cells.


Assuntos
Regulação Enzimológica da Expressão Gênica , Músculo Liso Vascular/enzimologia , NADH NADPH Oxirredutases/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-jun/metabolismo , Fator de Transcrição AP-1/metabolismo , Ativação Transcricional , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Sítios de Ligação , Linhagem Celular , Sequência Consenso , Dinoprosta/farmacologia , Proteína Quinase 1 Ativada por Mitógeno/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteína Quinase 1 Ativada por Mitógeno/metabolismo , Proteína Quinase 3 Ativada por Mitógeno/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteína Quinase 3 Ativada por Mitógeno/metabolismo , Músculo Liso Vascular/efeitos dos fármacos , Mutação , NADPH Oxidase 1 , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Ratos , Superóxidos/metabolismo , Transcrição Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos
11.
Biol Pharm Bull ; 31(4): 651-5, 2008 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18379057

RESUMO

Corosolic acid (CRA), a constituent of Banaba leaves, has been reported to exert anti-hypertension, anti-hyperinsulinemia, anti-hyperglycemia, and anti-hyperlipidemia effects as well as to induce anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effects of CRA on the development of obesity and hepatic steatosis in KK-Ay mice, a genetically obese mouse model. Six-week-old KK-Ay mice were fed a high fat diet for 9 weeks with or without 0.023% CRA. Nine-week CRA treatment resulted in 10% lower body weight and 15% lower total fat (visceral plus subcutaneous fat) mass than in control mice. CRA treatment reduced fasting plasma levels of glucose, insulin, and triglyceride by 23%, 41%, and 22%, respectively. The improved insulin sensitivity in CRA-treated mice may be due on part to the increased plasma adiponectin and white adipose tissue (WAT) AdipoR1 levels. In addition, CRA treatment increased the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha in liver and PPAR gamma in WAT. This is the first study to show that CRA treatment can contribute to reduced body weight and amelioration of hepatic steatosis in mice fed a high fat diet, due in part to increased expression of PPAR alpha in liver and PPAR gamma in WAT.


Assuntos
Fármacos Antiobesidade , Doença Hepática Induzida por Substâncias e Drogas/tratamento farmacológico , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Obesidade/tratamento farmacológico , Triterpenos/farmacologia , Adiponectina/biossíntese , Tecido Adiposo/patologia , Tecido Adiposo Branco/efeitos dos fármacos , Tecido Adiposo Branco/metabolismo , Animais , Glicemia/metabolismo , Composição Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Doença Hepática Induzida por Substâncias e Drogas/patologia , Dieta , Ácidos Graxos/metabolismo , Fígado/patologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Obesidade/patologia , Oxirredução , PPAR alfa/antagonistas & inibidores , PPAR alfa/biossíntese , Receptores de Adiponectina/biossíntese , Receptores de Adiponectina/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa , Triglicerídeos/biossíntese
12.
Diabetes Res Clin Pract ; 80(1): 48-55, 2008 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18177973

RESUMO

Corosolic acid (CRA), an active component of Banaba leaves (Lagerstroemia speciosa L.), decreases blood glucose in diabetic animals and humans. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of action of CRA on gluconeogenesis in rat liver. CRA (20-100 microM) dose-dependently decreased gluconeogenesis in perfused liver and in isolated hepatocytes. Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (F-2,6-BP), a gluconeogenic intermediate, plays a critical role in hepatic glucose output by regulating gluconeogenesis and glycolysis in the liver. CRA increased the production of F-2,6-BP along with a decrease in intracellular levels of cAMP both in the presence and in the absence of forskolin in isolated hepatocytes. While a cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) inhibitor inhibited hepatic gluconeogenesis, the drug did not intensify the inhibitory effect of CRA on hepatic gluconeogenesis in isolated hepatocytes. These results indicate that CRA inhibits gluconeogenesis by increasing the production of F-2,6-BP by lowering the cAMP level and inhibiting PKA activity in isolated hepatocytes. Furthermore, CRA increased glucokinase activity in isolated hepatocytes without affecting glucose-6-phosphatase activity, suggesting the promotion of glycolysis. These effects on hepatic glucose metabolism may underlie the various anti-diabetic actions of CRA.


Assuntos
Gluconeogênese/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/metabolismo , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Triterpenos/farmacologia , Animais , Radioisótopos de Carbono , AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinases Dependentes de AMP Cíclico/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas Quinases Dependentes de AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Frutosedifosfatos/biossíntese , Glucose/biossíntese , Glucose-6-Fosfatase/metabolismo , Hepatócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Hepatócitos/metabolismo , Isoquinolinas/farmacologia , Ácido Láctico/metabolismo , Musa/química , Extratos Vegetais/química , Folhas de Planta/química , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Sulfonamidas/farmacologia , Triterpenos/química
13.
Int J Pharm ; 341(1-2): 105-13, 2007 Aug 16.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17512147

RESUMO

We compared the in vitro/in vivo properties of theophylline between two sustained-release preparations, which are administered once a day. Tablet A is a swelling/disintegration-type matrix tablet consisting of hydrophobic wax granules and hydrophilic polymer granules (cluster tablets). Tablet B is a matrix tablet consisting of hydrophilic polymer granules. We conducted a dissolution test with JPXIV in vitro, and compared the results between the two preparations. Neither pH nor agitation intensity influenced these preparations. After they were immersed in oleic acid, there were no marked changes in the dissolution properties in the dissolution test. After administration of Tablets A and B containing theophylline at 200mg to fasted dogs, we compared plasma level profiles of theophylline. The mean plasma level of theophylline gradually increased to a maximum (7.17microg/mL) 4h after administration of Tablet A. After administration of Tablet B, a similar finding was noted, with a maximum of 6.09microg/mL. Tablet B showed a higher coefficient of variation (CV) for the plasma level at each point. Subsequently, we administered two tablets of preparations A and B containing theophylline at 200mg to healthy volunteers who had not been fasted, and compared plasma level concentration of theophylline. The mean plasma level of theophylline gradually increased to a maximum (6.09microg/mL) 12h after administration of Tablet A, but then decreased, with a half-life of 9.10h. After administration of Tablet B, a similar finding was noted, with a maximum of 7.87microg/mL and a half-life of 7.76h. Tablet A showed a significantly higher plasma concentration 1 and 2h after administration; however, there were no significant differences at other points. The C(max) of Tablet B was significantly higher than that of Tablet A. However, there were no significant differences in other pharmacokinetic parameters between the two preparations. The T(max) of Tablet A was 10-12h after administration, relatively constant. However, that of Tablet B was 10-18h after administration. The CV for T(max) was 9.8% for Tablet A and 22.0% for Tablet B. After administration of Tablet B, the plasma level of theophylline varied at each point. Based on these results, inter-subject variations after administration of Tablet A may be less marked than those after administration of Tablet B. It is concluded that, the cluster tablets A developed in this study showed significantly less inter-subject variation of theophylline plasma levels than the conventional matrix tablets B.


Assuntos
Broncodilatadores/farmacocinética , Portadores de Fármacos , Polímeros/química , Teofilina/farmacocinética , Ceras/química , Administração Oral , Animais , Broncodilatadores/administração & dosagem , Broncodilatadores/sangue , Broncodilatadores/química , Química Farmacêutica , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Preparações de Ação Retardada , Cães , Composição de Medicamentos , Humanos , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Interações Hidrofóbicas e Hidrofílicas , Masculino , Polissorbatos/química , Solubilidade , Tensoativos/química , Comprimidos , Tecnologia Farmacêutica/métodos , Teofilina/administração & dosagem , Teofilina/sangue , Teofilina/química
14.
Allergol Int ; 55(2): 185-9, 2006 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17075256

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Oral administration of enzymatic hydrolysate of cow's milk whey protein (WPH) has been reported to produce an anti-inflammatory effect. Since inflammation plays a role in dermatitis of allergic disease, we examined the influence of WPH on the development of atopic dermatitis (AD)-like skin lesions, induced in NC/Nga mice by the mite antigen Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Dp). METHODS: AD-like skin lesions were induced on the pinnae and backs of NC/Nga mice by daily application of Dp for 4 weeks. Mice were fed cow's milk casein (control), WPH or casein protein hydrolysate (CPH) diets for 2 weeks prior to Dp application. Clinical skin conditions were evaluated periodically by a clinical severity score, total serum IgE and soluble E-selectin levels were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: WPH-fed mice showed significantly less AD-like skin lesions than those fed casein diets at 2 and 4 weeks after Dp application. In contrast, CPH-fed mice had manifestations in a similar manner as casein-fed mice did, and did not show an inhibitory effect. Serum soluble E-selectin levels, known as a marker of disease activity in AD patients, were significantly lower in the WPH diet group. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that in addition to its hypoallergenicity an anti-inflammatory function, dietary WPH might be useful for reducing the severity of AD-like skin lesions.


Assuntos
Antígenos/imunologia , Dermatite Atópica/prevenção & controle , Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus/imunologia , Imunossupressores/administração & dosagem , Proteínas do Leite/administração & dosagem , Hidrolisados de Proteína/farmacologia , Administração Oral , Animais , Dermatite Atópica/imunologia , Dermatite Atópica/patologia , Feminino , Camundongos , Proteínas do Soro do Leite
15.
Biol Pharm Bull ; 29(3): 585-7, 2006 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16508174

RESUMO

The antidiabetic effects of corosolic acid (CA) were investigated in KK-Ay mice, an animal model of type 2 diabetes. CA (2 mg/kg body weight) reduced the blood glucose levels of KK-Ay mice 4 h after a single oral dose. CA (2 mg/kg) reduced the blood glucose levels in KK-Ay mice 2 weeks after a single oral dose and also significantly lowered plasma insulin levels were in KK-Ay mice under similar conditions. CA-treated KK-Ay mouse blood glucose significantly decreased in an insulin tolerance test. These results support the hypothesis that CA improves glucose metabolism by reducing insulin resistance. Therefore CA may be useful for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.


Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Hipoglicemiantes , Triterpenos/farmacologia , Animais , Glicemia/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/genética , Teste de Tolerância a Glucose , Insulina/sangue , Masculino , Camundongos
16.
J Trace Elem Med Biol ; 19(2-3): 171-81, 2005.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16325533

RESUMO

The aim of the study was to determine the concentrations of macronutrients and the mineral and trace element composition in maternal milk of Japanese women. We collected human milk samples from mothers living throughout Japan from December 1998 to September 1999, and defined as group A the 1197 samples among them that met the following conditions: breast milk of mothers who were under 40 years old, not in the habit of smoking and/or using vitamin supplements, and whose babies showed no symptoms of atopy and whose birth weights were 2.5 kg or more. We then analyzed their contents individually. We also analyzed the amino acid and free amino acid composition of the breast milk of pooled samples from various lactation stages. Large differences were found to exist among the contents of individual human milk samples. The mean contents of each component were as follows: energy, 66.3+/-13.3 kcal/100 mL; solid matter, 12.46+/-1.56 g/100 mL; ash, 0.19+/-0.06 g/100 mL; total nitrogen, 0.19+/-0.04 g/100 mL; lipids, 3.46+/-1.49 g/100 mL; carbohydrates, 7.58+/-0.77 g/100 mL; lactose, 6.44+/-0.49 g/100 mL; pH, 6.5+/-0.3; osmotic pressure, 299+/-14 mOsm/kg.H2O; chloride, 35.9+/-16.2 mg/100 mL; sodium, 13.5+/-8.7 mg/100 mL; magnesium, 2.7+/-0.9 mg/100 mL; phosphorus, 15.0+/-3.8 mg/100 mL; potassium, 47.0+/-12.1 mg/100 mL; calcium, 25.0+/-7.1 mg/100 mL; chromium, 5.9+/-4.7 microg/100 mL; manganese, 1.1+/-2.3 microg/100mL; iron, 119+/-251 microg/100 mL; copper, 35+/-21 microg/100 mL; zinc, 145+/-135 microg/100 mL; and selenium, 1.7+/-0.6 microg/100 mL. The content of each component varied greatly as the duration of lactation increased. In conclusion, it appears to be necessary to evaluate individual differences of human milk in order to perform valid research regarding infant formula.


Assuntos
Leite Humano/metabolismo , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição , Oligoelementos , Adulto , Aminoácidos/metabolismo , Carboidratos/análise , Cromo/análise , Cobre/análise , Eletroforese em Gel de Poliacrilamida , Feminino , Humanos , Ferro/análise , Japão , Lactação , Lactose/metabolismo , Lipídeos , Manganês/análise , Nitrogênio/análise , Nitrogênio/metabolismo , Estações do Ano , Selênio/análise , Zinco/análise
17.
J Nat Prod ; 68(12): 1743-8, 2005 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16378366

RESUMO

Madagascan frogs of the mantellid genus Mantella have been a rich source of alkaloids derived from dietary arthropods. Two species of frogs, inhabiting swamp forest, contain a unique set of alkaloids, previously proposed, based only on GC-MS and GC-FTIR data, to represent dehydro analogues of the homopumiliotoxins. The major alkaloid of this set, alkaloid 235C (2), now has been isolated in sufficient quantities (ca. 0.3 mg) to allow determination of the structure by NMR analysis. The structure of alkaloid 235C proved to be a 7,8-dehydro-8-desmethylpumiliotoxin. A comparison is presented between the mass, infrared, and (1)H NMR spectra of 235C (2) and a synthetic dehydrohomopumiliotoxin (1), initially proposed incorrectly as the structure for 235C.


Assuntos
Alcaloides/química , Anuros/metabolismo , Dieta , Indolizinas/química , Pele/química , Alcaloides/análise , Animais , Artrópodes , Madagáscar , Estrutura Molecular , Ressonância Magnética Nuclear Biomolecular
18.
J Chem Phys ; 123(13): 134509, 2005 Oct 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16223316

RESUMO

A system of two integral equations, which is equivalent to the Ornstein-Zernike equation, results in two kinds of correlation functions which describe the apparent effects of the physical cluster formation on pair-correlation functions. Each pair-correlation function is equivalent to the sum of the two kinds of correlation functions, and the development of physical clusters, which are formed in an ionic fluid owing to the attractive Coulomb force between positive and negative charged particles, allows the dependence of the sum on the distance r between particular pair particles to develop the deviation from the behavior characterized as r-1. Then, their development makes the dependence of the sum on r have a tendency to approach the behavior characterized as r-3/2, and the two kinds of correlation functions aid in describing fractal structures of nonuniform particle distributions in ionic fluids.

19.
Int J Pharm ; 304(1-2): 91-101, 2005 Nov 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16154302

RESUMO

Two matrix theophylline tablets with different release mechanisms were compared. Tablet A was a swelling/disintegration-type wax matrix made of hydrophobic wax granules, consisting of stearic acid, hydrogenated oil and glycerol esters of fatty acids, and hydrophilic polymer granules composed primarily of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). We named Tablet A the cluster tablet. Tablet B was a gel matrix made of hydrophobic ethylcellulose granules, consisting of ethylcellulose and hydrogenated oil, and hydrophilic polymer granules consisting of HPMC and hydroxylpropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS). The formulations were screened in vitro according to their dissolution characteristics. The drug release from each preparation was analyzed using release kinetics theories. In Tablet A, the value of the exponent(n) representing the apparent diffusion mechanism determined from the Korsmeyer-Peppas model equation was about 0.6 and was unlikely to be affected by the rotation speed. In Tablet B, the value of the exponent(n) by the Korsmeyer-Peppas model equation changed with the paddle rotation speed. These results suggested that the drug release mechanism of Tablet B is greatly affected by the extent of physical force in the gastrointestinal tract.


Assuntos
Excipientes/química , Polímeros/química , Teofilina/química , Preparações de Ação Retardada , Composição de Medicamentos , Cinética , Solubilidade , Comprimidos
20.
Toxicon ; 44(8): 805-15, 2004 Dec 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15530960

RESUMO

Amphibian skin has been the source of a wide variety of biologically active substances, but less than one-third of the known genera of amphibians have been probed for such active substances. Skins of 21 genera of anurans from Thailand have now been investigated for noxious secretions, toxic substances, and alkaloids. Four genera of bufonid toads (Bufo, Ansonia, Leptophryne, Pedostipes) were toxic due to the presence of bufadienolides or bufadienolide-like compounds. Two species of ranid frogs (Rana raniceps, Rana signata) were toxic, perhaps due to the presence of toxic peptide(s). Two species of rhacophorid frogs (Polypedates) were slightly noxious/toxic. One species of microhylid frog (Kaloula pulchra) was noxious. Trace amounts of pumiliotoxin alkaloids were detected in a ranid frog (Limnonectes kuhli). A further 18 species did not exhibit noxious or toxic properties to a significant extent.


Assuntos
Anuros/metabolismo , Pele/química , Toxinas Biológicas/isolamento & purificação , Alcaloides/isolamento & purificação , Alcaloides/toxicidade , Aminas/isolamento & purificação , Aminas/toxicidade , Animais , Bufanolídeos/isolamento & purificação , Bufanolídeos/toxicidade , Masculino , Camundongos , Estrutura Molecular , Paladar , Tailândia , Toxinas Biológicas/toxicidade
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