The anti-fatigue potential of water-soluble polysaccharides of Semen cassiae on BALB/c mice.

Fatigue syndrome is a major health problem that affects the voluntary activities of an individual. Particularly, exercise-induced fatigue has become a serious concern in people's health. Since polysaccharides from various medicinal plants have been reported for anti-fatigue effect, the current study deals with the anti-fatigue potential of water-soluble polysaccharides of the Chinese medicinal plant Semen cassiae (Cassia obtusifolia L.) in BALB/c mice. Water-soluble polysaccharides from Semen cassiae were extracted using aqueous solvent (water). An orthogonal test design was employed for the optimization of polysaccharide extraction. The conditions optimized through this design unveiled the raw materials to solvent ratio as 1:30. The optimal temperature and time duration were found to be 80°C and 3.5 h, respectively. The yield of soluble polysaccharides at these specified conditions was 5.42%. Strikingly, the water-soluble polysaccharide from S. cassiae exhibited strong anti-fatigue activity at 100 mg/kg in BALB/c mice. S. cassiae polysaccharide extended the weight-loaded swimming duration in BALB/c mice. In addition, it ameliorated the level of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GPX) while decreased the blood urea nitrogen, creatine phosphokinase, triglyceride, lactic acid, lactate dehydrogenase, and malondialdehyde levels in blood serum. Moreover, the assessment of the immunomodulatory effect of S. cassia polysaccharides unveiled the enhancement of B-cell and T-cell lymphocytes, denoting the positive effect on physical immunity.

Detection of Urine Metabolites in a Rat Model of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome before and after Exercise.

Purpose. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the metabolic mechanisms associated with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) via an analysis of urine metabolites prior to and following exercise in a rat model. Methods. A rat model of CFS was established using restraint-stress, forced exercise, and crowded and noisy environments over a period of 4 weeks. Behavioral experiments were conducted in order to evaluate the model. Urine metabolites were analyzed via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in combination with multivariate statistical analysis before and after exercise. Results. A total of 20 metabolites were detected in CFS rats before and after exercise. Three metabolic pathways (TCA cycle; alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism; steroid hormone biosynthesis) were significantly impacted before and after exercise, while sphingolipid metabolism alone exhibited significant alterations after exercise only. Conclusion. In addition to metabolic disturbances involving some energy substances, alterations in steroid hormone biosynthesis and sphingolipid metabolism were detected in CFS rats. Sphingosine and 21-hydroxypregnenolone may be key biomarkers of CFS, potentially offering evidence in support of immune dysfunction and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis hypoactivity in patients with CFS.

Anti-fatigue activity of a novel polysaccharide conjugates from Ziyang green tea.

The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-fatigue activity of polysaccharides from Ziyang green tea. Polysaccharides were isolated from Ziyang green tea and its physicochemical properties were analyzed. Meanwhile, a 4-week weight-loaded swimming test of mice was established and polysaccharides were orally administrated during exercise. The biochemical parameters related to fatigue were determined, such as exhaustive time, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), blood lactate acid (Bla) levels and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in serum, Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities, Malondialdehyde (MDA) and glycogen levels in skeletal muscle. The results demonstrated that polysaccharide from Ziyang green tea was a selenium-polysaccharide-protein conjugate (Se-TP), and Se-TP administration significantly prolonged exhaustive time and increased glycogen level and GSH-Px activity in muscle, in addition, markedly decreased BUN, Bla levels and LDH activity in serum and MDA level in muscle. In conclusion, Se-TP treatment can significantly improve exercise-induced fatigue and decrease the oxidative stress induced by the exhaustive exercise.

Immunomodulating and antioxidant effects of polysaccharide conjugates from the fruits of Ziziphus Jujube on Chronic Fatigue Syndrome rats.

To detect the treatment effect of the fruits of Ziziphus Jujube in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS). Jujube polysaccharide conjugates (JPC) were isolated from the fruits of Z. Jujube. General physicochemical properties of JPC were analyzed. A four-week rats CFS model was established and JPC were orally administrated, the behavior experiments were conducted after CFS. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) in serum were elevated and T lymphocyte proliferation, CD4(+)/CD8(+) ratio and natural killer (NK) cells activity were analyzed. JPC markedly improved behaviors of CFS rats, also decreased MDA levels in serum, and elevated T lymphocyte proliferation, CD4(+)/CD8(+) ratio and natural killer (NK) cells activities. This suggests that JPC can improve the immune system and antioxidant activity of CFS rats and might be regarded as a biological response modifier.