Prevalence of urinary incontinence in males with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

AIM: To find the prevalence of Urinary Incontinence (UI) in males with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) in Belagavi city and also to understand the severity of UI and the impact of variables like age, duration of diabetes, BMI (Body mass index), waist circumference, glycemic control (fasting blood glucose), and medications on the prevalence of UI in males with T2DM. METHODOLOGY: This was a cross-sectional, observational study conducted in a tertiary hospital and medical research centre of Karnataka, India in which males aged 35 years or more and suffering with T2DM for at-least 10years were enrolled. UI was assessed using International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire - Short Form (ICIQ-SF). RESULTS: Out of 123 male subjects having T2DM screened for the prevalence of UI, 19 subjects were diagnosed to be having UI as per ICIQ-SF questionnaire, accounting to 15.4% of the total sample. The mean ICIQ score of the 19 subjects having UI was 9.2 ±â€¯1.54 showing that the mean severity of UI was moderate in nature. Study also found that the duration of diabetes was significantly high (mean = 18 ±â€¯4.6 years) and glycemic control was significantly poor (Mean FBS = 210 ±â€¯64.21 mg/dL) in subjects with UI than in subjects without UI. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of UI among adult patients with T2DM was 15.4% and is of moderate severity, as assessed by ICIQ-SF. Long duration of Diabetes and poor glycemic control could possibly increase the risk of UI among T2DM patients.

Antimicrobial agents' utilization and cost pattern in an Intensive Care Unit of a Teaching Hospital in South India.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: High utilization and inappropriate usage of antimicrobial agents (AMAs) in an Intensive Care Unit (ICU) increases resistant organisms, morbidity, mortality, and treatment cost. Prescription audit and active feedback are a proven method to check the irrational prescription. Measuring drug utilization in DDD/100 bed-days is proposed by the WHO to analyze and compare the utilization of drugs. Data of AMAs utilization are required for planning an antibiotic policy and for follow-up of intervention strategies. Hence, in this study, we proposed to evaluate the utilization pattern and cost analysis of AMA used in the ICU. METHODOLOGY: A prospective observational study was conducted for 1 year from January 1, 2014, to December 31, 2014, and the data were obtained from the ICU of a tertiary care hospital. The demographic data, disease data, relevant investigation, the utilization of different classes of AMAs (WHO-ATC classification) as well as individual drugs and their costs were recorded. RESULTS: One thousand eight hundred and sixty-two prescriptions of AMAs were recorded during the study period with an average of 1.73 ± 0.04 prescriptions/patient. About 80.4% patients were prescribed AMAs during admission. Ceftriaxone (22.77%) was the most commonly prescribed AMA followed by piperacillin/tazobactam (15.79%), metronidazole (12%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (6.44%), and azithromycin (4.34%). Ceftriaxone, piperacillin/tazobactam, metronidazole, and linezolid were the five maximally utilized AMAs with 38.52, 19.22, 14.34, 8.76, and 8.16 DDD/100 bed-days respectively. An average cost of AMAs used per patient was 2213 Indian rupees (INR). CONCLUSION: A high utilization of AMAs and a high cost of treatment were noticed which was comparable to other published data, though an increased use of newer AMAs such as linezolid, clindamycin, meropenem, colistin was noticed.