[Models of feeding for healthy children]. / Modela zywienia zdrowego dziecka.

The subject of this study was to present dietary guidelines for healthy children recommended by the National Research Institute of Mother and Child. For infants breastfeeding is optimal. All infants should be exclusively breastfed until 6 months of age. Complementary food should be introduced in the 7th month of life according to infants' feeding schedule. Modified cow's milk formulas and complementary food are recommended in non-breastfed infants' nutrition. In all medical institutions infants' feeding should comply with these recommendations. The basis of rational nutrition of young children is high quality and safe food with reference to its nutritional value. Adequate choice of food products, variety of diet and meal frequency is the basis of proper nutrition and proper nutritional habits. Regular eating of 3-4 meals per day, avoiding products rich in fat, sugar, salt, cholesterol, as well as increasing physical activity, are recommended in dietary guidelines for school children. The recommended models should be much more effectively implemented in paediatricians' practice and should be the basis for postgraduate training for doctors, nurses and midwives as well.

[Water in children's diet]. / Woda w zywieniu dzieci.

Water is one of the main dietary components. Its quality plays an important role for the safety of food particularly for infants. For the youngest children the groundwater free of chemical and microbiological pollution and with the proper chemical composition can be used. For infants is recommended natural spring water and natural mineral water of low sodium concentration

[Nutrition of preschool age children. General considerations and assessment of child nutrition]. / Zywienie dzieci w wieku przedszkolnym. Ogólna charakterystyka sposobu zywienia.

Results of the study performed between June 1999 and January 2000 on dietary assessment of 822 pre-school children (age 3-7) showed that majority of children regularly consumed the main meals: breakfast, dinner and supper. The habit of snacks eating between the meals was observed in 91% of children. The presence and structure basic products in analysed children diets (milk, fermented milk products, fats, fish, whole grain bread, juices) was different. About 87% reported drinking of milk, 75%--yoghurt or other fermented milk products, 97%--fruit juices including nectar, water--42%. The main fat used to spreading on bread was butter. Fish products recommended as a source of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids were still not eaten by 23% of children. Whole grain bread was consumed daily only in 8% children. The study also showed that the diets included products being the source of unfavourable fatty acids (chips, sweet bars, cookies, hard margarine) and excess of saccharose (sweets, lollipops, chewing gum). The results of the study showed the permanent need of the dissemination of dietary recommendations for children at pre-school age.

[The evaluation of organizational structure and work hygiene in milk kitchen centers in Poland on the basis of questionnaire]. / Ocena organizacji i higieny pracy w kuchniach mlecznych w Polsce na podstawie badania ankietowego.

On the basis of available publications and obligatory legal regulations regarding the organisation of collective feeding patterns in Social Service Health Centres a questionnaire study was established to examine the way milk kitchen function in Poland. The study covered 533 milk kitchen centres (in hospitals, orphanages and crèches) from February to December 1997. The afore-mentioned study analysed the general characteristics of the milk kitchen centre, its type of work, supervisory methods and the personnel's hygiene. From the results of this research it can be concluded that the organisational structure of the milk centres was appropriate, appliances and equipment in the majority centres were adequate but basis utensils were insufficient. It is obvious that dietetic feeding methods for this particular group of children are insufficiently applied. Only 22.2% of the centres apply the recommended proposals i.e. without boiling, without pasteurisation, ready for consumption when preparing, infant formulae, follow-up formulae and other mixed products. Work hygiene and health quality of production in the milk kitchen centres is subject to systematic controls by competent individuals from the State Sanitary Inspection services. In the years 1995-96, 72 samples of infant food that mainly came from hospital milk kitchen centres were taken due to the poor microbiological quality of the food. The considerable changes that have taken place over the last few years as far as infant feeding is concerned, for example, the promotion of breast-feeding, taking advantage of prepared dietetic products for infants (infant formulae, follow-up formulae, vegetable products, fruits, vegetable-meat products, cereal products) require changes at the organisational level of infant collective feeding which was confirmed by the afore-mentioned study.

[Evaluation of a diet and nutritional status of breast feeding women on the basis of a questionnaire study]. / Ocena sposobu zywienia i stanu odzywienia kobiet karmiacych piersia na podstawie badania ankietowego.

The subjects were 120 breast-feeding mothers whose children were admitted for outpatient or inpatient treatment at the Institute of Mother and Child in Warsaw, between March, 1998 and July, 1999. A special nutritional questionnaire was elaborated with the aim to evaluate subjects' nutritional status as well as their diet. All subjects completed the questionnaire and then selected parameters of their nutritional status and diet were evaluated. For 43 of the women under study it was the first month of lactation, for 33--the fourth month, for 23--the sixth and 21 women had been breast-feeding for more then six months. The subjects were of different age, coming from both urban and rural areas. In the studied group the nutritional status, i.e. body mass indices (BMI) before pregnancy, at the end of pregnancy and during lactation were within the normal range. 65 of the subjects had changed their diet due to pregnancy and 52 due to lactation. Women declared to be used to eating 3-4 meals per day. Having additional snacks was declared by 62.5%. Liquids' intake was on average about 2.5 l/24 hr, range 2-31. Average daily energy intake--2938 kcal/12,980 kJ, the lowest--in a diet of a mother with diabetes, the highest--in a diet of a vegetarian mother. The proportion of protein in energy intake was 15.1%, whereas fat--36.3%. Dietary practices of women under study in the period of lactation were well adjusted to nutritional recommendations for this group, as evidenced by indices of nutritional status (i.e. BMI). Among 120 women, 71 were taking supplementary preparations of vitamins and minerals. It turned out that a level of some vitamins in a daily food intake together with supplementation was definitely too high.

[Dietary therapy used for food allergy in infants and young children]. / Diety lecznicze stosowane w alergii pokarmowej u niemowlat i malych dzieci.

Cow's milk proteins and egg white are the main allergens that evoke food allergy in infancy. Breast feeding is a way to protect the infants against food allergy, even when allergy symptoms occur. Elimination of cow's milk products and eggs from the mothers diet usually results in alleviation of these symptoms. Formula-fed infants with allergy symptoms are treated with hypoantigenic and hypoallergenic products. The properties of these treatment diets are described.

[An evaluation of vitamin A status based on the measurement of retinol in the serum of children and infants]. / Ocena stanu odzywiania witamina A na podstawie pomiaru stezenia retinulo w surowicy krwi dzieci i neimowlat.

A statistical comparison of serum vitamin A content among groups of children of various age ranges, revealed a much lower vitamin A level in infants (p < 0.001). The possibility of vitamin A deficiency among ill infants points to the necessity of supplementation with this vitamin.

[Daily intake and nutritional status of copper in infants, children and teen-agers in light of personal experience]. / Spozycie i stan odzywienia miedzia u niemowlat, dzieci i mlodziezy w swietle badan wlasnych.

The daily intake of copper in infants, children and teen-agers was evaluated with chemical analysis of daily meals. The intake depending upon the age oscillated in the limits of 0.065-3.5 mg of copper per day. The metabolic chemical balances of this element showed slightly positive copper retention. In some cases the balances were negative. It may be explained by the low copper intake with the diet and eventual effect of associated factors making difficult the copper utilization. Differentiated and generally low copper intake and the low retention of this element explain the low copper level in hair of the investigated population.

[Metabolic balance of zinc in infants and children]. / Bilanse metaboliczne cynku u niemowlat i dzieci.

Zinc metabolism in infants and children was evaluated on the basis of chemical balance studies of this element. The zinc intake chemically measured oscillated in the broad limits from 0,2 to 17,1 mg/d according to the age and to the manner of feeding; the highly positive zinc retentions were obtained only in infants with high intake of this element. Zinc in the diet of infants in some part derived from water. Low positive retentions were observed by intake in the limits of daily allowances (3-5 mg/d) and by the low content of calcium in the diet. About one half of zinc balances was negative because of relatively low zinc intake and the high calcium intake. The negative zinc balances could be caused also by the suggested presence of antinutritive substances in the diet. The low zinc intake founded in older children (3-10 years) and the low retention of this element could be the reason zinc deficiency states in children of different age.

[Calcium requirement in infants with intrauterine dystrophy. Report I. Indicators of calcium balance in infants with intrauterine dystrophy]. / Próba oceny zapotrzebowania na wapn u niemowlat urodzonych z dystrofia wewnatrzmaciczna. Doniesienie I. Zachowanie sie wskazników bilansu wapniowego u niemowlat urodzonych z dystrofia wewnatrzmaciczna.

Observations of many investigators point at a lower amount of calcium in body composition of Small-for-Date infants (S-f-D). So far, only few investigations indicated that the calcium metabolism is disturbed in the postnatal life of S-f-D infants as well. Taking into consideration these data, the authors attempt to define calcium-requirement in S-f-D infants. In this report the cross-sectional observations of 30 infants are described . They were born after 37 weeks of gestation. The mean body weight was 2318 and it ranged between 1200-2760 g. Their body weight at birth was below 10 percentile according to Brzozowska . In these infants 3-days balance studies were carried out once a month. The calcium balance indices were compared with the indices of the Full-Size infants (FS) who were observed during the former years. The S-f-D and FS infants were fed similar diets based on unmodified cow's milk formulas. It was noted that the percentage absorption index in S-f-D infants was significantly lower than in the control group in 1-st and 2-nd trimester of life (table III, fig. 2). The S-f-D infants had a good appetite in first semester of life and they ate a big volume of milk formula and calcium in it. It seems that this is the reason that calcium retention in S-f-D infants in spite of lower ability of calcium retention, did not differ statistically from calcium retention in FS infants. The mean values were a little lower however. In the 2-nd half year of life statistically significant difference between any of the balance indices in S-f-D and FS infants was not found.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

[Calcium requirement in infants with intrauterine dystrophy (ID). Report II. Effect of differentiated diets with regard to quantity and quality of protein and fat on the calcium balance in infants with intrauterine dystrophy]. / Próba oceny zapotrzebowania na wapn u niemowlat urodzonych z dystrofia wewnatrzmaciczna (DW). Doniesienie II. Wplyw diet zróznicowanych pod wzgledem zawartosci i jakosci bialka i tluszczu na bilans wapnia u niemowlat (-) DW.

In the former report on he calcium requirement in Small-for Date (S-f-D) infants it was observed that the ability of calcium absorption of S-f-D infants is lowered in 1-st semester of life. From this point of view it seemed purposeful to study the influence of 3 modified cow's milk formulas (see table) on the calcium absorption in S-f-D infants. Modification of these diets in regard to cow's milk depended on: 1) partial replacement of cow's milk fat with soya oil. 2) change of the proportion between fat and protein. 3) partial replacement of milk casein with lactoalbumin . The infants were divided into 3 groups G, H and C according to the kind of diet. Observation in the first 2 groups lasted for the whole first year of life, C group of infants was observed only in 1-st half year of life. In the first month of life G and H infants were fed the same unmodified cow's milk formulas (diet S) 3-day balance-studies. Were carried out once a month. The data of these 3 groups of infants were compared with each other and the data of S-f-D infants fed unmodified cow's milk formulas (group S) described in he former report. In group S, calcium intake was the highest in 1-st and in 2-nd semester of life among all compared infant groups, but the difference was not statistically significant. The lowest (%) absorption was noted in group G infants (fig. 2, table III and IV). The difference was statistically significant in 1-st semester of life between group G and S and in 2-nd semester between G and S as well as G and H groups. Calcium retention mg/kg was also the lowest in group G infants, and the difference was statistically significant in 1-st and in 2-nd semester between G and S groups. The infants fed H formula in spite of the lowest indices of calcium absorption % and retention mg/kg in the first (see table) and the second month of life and in spite of the lowest intake of calcium among all compared infants groups cough up absorption (%) and retention (mg/kg b.w.) with groups S in 2 semester of life.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

[Glycemia and the levels of free fatty acids in small-for-date born infants after monosaccharide load. Communication I (author's transl)]. / Glikemia i poziomy wolnych kwasów tluszczowych po obciazeniu cukrami prostymi u niemowlat urodzonych z dystrofia wewnatrzlonowa doniesienie I

In order to evaluate some aspects of carbohydrate metabolism in small-for-date born infants the authors have performed in them the glucose tolerance test. The glycemic reflex was estimated in relation to the free fatty acids level (FFA). This was done twice a year in the first half year of life and in the second one. We compared the results with data obtained form full-size born infants tested in the same of time. The group of small-for-date born (SRDB) infants included 23 infants in the first half year and 12 in the second one. The SFDB infants were loaded with glucose and galactose given to them in a dosis of 1 g of each sugar in a 15% solution. The following micromethods were applied: Hyvarinen and Nikkila for glucose, and Dole and Meinertz in Novak's modification for FFA. The level of glucose and FFA were estimated at fasting and after loading at 20, 40, 90, 120 and 180 minutes. In order to be able to evaluate the results, the authors performed the variance analysis. On the basis a significantly higher variability of FFA levels was found in comparison with glucose levels as well as a variability of the two parameters significantly higher in small-for-date born infants than in full-size born infants. In spite of that in standarized mean values a relationship between glucose and FFA levels was found in small-for-date born infants opposite to that in full-size born infants. In the former the glucose levels and free fatty acids were higher then in the latter. This phenomenon disappeared in the second half-year of life. The disappearance rate (as measured by coefficient K) was slightly higher than in the second half year. In the second half year this difference was not noted between the observed parameters in two groups of infants. If it may be concluded on the basis of the authors' observations, the higher levels of glucose in small-for-date born infants in their first half year of life could indicate some disturbance in glucose utilization and the higher level of FFA then usually found in fullsize born infants during the oral glucose tolerance test might be an additional proof for the above.