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1.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34574736

RESUMO

Based on the gender role orientation perspective, this study extends the resource depletion mechanism that links role demands to family interference with work by testing the moderating effects of gender and gender role orientation (egalitarian vs. traditional) on the relationships. Analysis of the data from 251 employees in Taiwan revealed two significant three-way interactive effects. Specifically, for men, the positive relationship between work demands and family-to-work conflict (FWC) was stronger for egalitarian than traditional individuals. For women, the positive relationship between family demands and FWC was stronger for egalitarian than traditional individuals. We also found a significant two-way interactive effect; that is, within the egalitarian group, the positive relationship between work demands and FWC was stronger for women than men. Our findings, thus, suggest both within-gender and between-gender variations in the links between work-to-family demands and conflict, jointly affected by the individual's gender and gender role orientation. Contextualized within the cultural traditions of a Chinese society, we highlight the precarious position that egalitarian men and women (especially women) find for themselves in fulfilling work duties and family roles. The theoretical and managerial implications are also discussed.


Assuntos
Identidade de Gênero , Papel de Gênero , Conflito Familiar , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Inquéritos e Questionários , Taiwan
2.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33287279

RESUMO

The aim of the study is to contribute to the "well-being, diversity, equity, and inclusion" dialogue of the post-pandemic era. Specifically, we explored the joint effects of biological sex and gender diversity in self-identity on the role demands-work and family conflict relationships. To advance the inclusion of scientific knowledge, the present study was conducted in the cultural context of a Chinese society. We surveyed a sample of 317 Taiwanese employees. We used structured questionnaires to collect data on biological sex, gender identity (self-endorsement on masculinity and femininity traits), work and family demands, work-to-family conflict (WFC), and family-to-work conflict (FWC). We found two sets of significant three-way interactions (sex × femininity × role demands) in predicting work and family conflict. First, for men, identifying with high femininity traits strengthened the positive relationship between work demands and FWC; for women, identifying with low femininity traits strengthened the same relationship. Second, for men, identifying with high femininity traits strengthened the relationship between family demands and WFC; for women, identifying with low femininity traits strengthened the same relationship. Our findings highlight the importance of jointly examining the biological, psychological, and social aspects of gender on the work and family interface. Contextualizing in an Eastern cultural tradition, we put the spotlight on societal pressure on people of nontraditional gender identities.


Assuntos
Conflito Familiar , Identidade de Gênero , Equilíbrio Trabalho-Vida , China , Relações Familiares/psicologia , Feminino , Feminilidade , Humanos , Masculino , Masculinidade , Inquéritos e Questionários
3.
Int J Aging Hum Dev ; 86(4): 382-400, 2018 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28990394

RESUMO

We examined effects of life stress and control beliefs on a constellation of subjective indicators of well-being for older people, including meaning in life, happiness, peace of mind, and positive aging perception. The Chinese cultural background provided the sociocultural milieu for the present study. In a longitudinal study, 301 older Chinese adults completed a questionnaire survey twice, 6 months apart. Regression analyses found that stress caused by major life-changing events (acute) and financial hardship (chronic) were consistent negative predictors of all well-being indicators. Furthermore, primary control belief (tenacious goal pursuit) amplified the negative impacts of life events on happiness and peace of mind. Secondary control belief (submitting to circumstances), in contrast, acted as a buffer that alleviated the deleterious effects of financial hardship on peace of mind and meaning in life. Noting the threats of unfavorable life circumstances and the potency of secondary control belief for older Chinese people, theoretical and cultural implications were discussed.


Assuntos
Envelhecimento/psicologia , Status Econômico , Controle Interno-Externo , Acontecimentos que Mudam a Vida , Satisfação Pessoal , Estresse Psicológico/psicologia , Idoso , China , Feminino , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais
4.
J Soc Psychol ; 151(6): 767-83, 2011.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22208113

RESUMO

Work values influence our attitudes and behavior at work, but they have rarely been explored in the context of work stress. The aim of this research was thus to test direct and moderating effects of Chinese work values (CWV) on relationships between work stressors and work well-being among employees in the Greater China region. A self-administered survey was conducted to collect data from three major cities in the region, namely Beijing, Hong Kong, and Taipei (N = 380). Work stressors were negatively related to work well-being, whereas CWV were positively related to work well-being. In addition, CWV also demonstrated moderating effects in some of the stressor-job satisfaction relationships.


Assuntos
Povo Asiático/psicologia , Satisfação no Emprego , Qualidade de Vida/psicologia , Valores Sociais/etnologia , Estresse Psicológico/complicações , Adulto , China , Coleta de Dados , Feminino , Humanos , Relações Interpessoais , Masculino , Autonomia Pessoal , Estresse Psicológico/etnologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Taiwan , População Urbana , Carga de Trabalho/psicologia
5.
Int J Psychol ; 45(4): 294-302, 2010 Aug 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22044015

RESUMO

The aim of this research was to jointly test effects of work stressors and coping strategies on job performance among employees in the Greater China region. A self-administered survey was conducted to collect data from three major cities in the region, namely Beijing, Hong Kong, and Taipei (N = 380). Four important work stressors were assessed: heavy workload, organizational constraints, lack of work autonomy, and interpersonal conflict. We used a four-factor model of Chinese coping strategies composed of hobbies/relaxation, active action, seeking social support, and passive adaptation. Job performance was indicated by both task performance (quantity of work, quality of work, job knowledge) and contextual performance (attendance, getting along with others). We found that: (1) work stressors were related to job performance. Specifically, workload had a positive relation with quantity of work, whereas organizational constraints had negative relations with quantity of work and attendance. In addition, interpersonal conflict had a negative relation with getting along with others. (2) Chinese positive coping strategies were positively related to job performance. Specifically, seeking social support had positive relations with quantity of work and getting along with others, whereas active action had positive relations with attendance and job knowledge. (3) Chinese passive adaptation coping behaviors were negatively related to job performance. Specifically, passive adaptation had negative relations with quantity of work, quality of work, and getting along with others. The present study thus found joint effects of work stressors and coping behaviors among Chinese employees in the Greater China region, encompassing three sub-societies of mainland China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. Differential effects of Chinese positive and passive coping strategies were also noted. Most importantly, all these effects were demonstrated on multiple indicators of job performance, a rarely studied but important strain variable from the organizational point of view.


Assuntos
Adaptação Psicológica , Avaliação de Desempenho Profissional , Satisfação no Emprego , Adulto , China , Feminino , Passatempos , Hong Kong , Humanos , Controle Interno-Externo , Masculino , Cultura Organizacional , Meio Social , Apoio Social , Taiwan , Carga de Trabalho/psicologia
6.
Psychopharmacology (Berl) ; 205(1): 141-9, 2009 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19343328

RESUMO

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVE: Whether monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) can be used to suppress the reinforcing effect of cocaine remains unknown. This study was undertaken to examine effects of a long-term dosing regimen with selective MAOIs on cocaine and food reward. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Since single dose of clorgyline (2 mg/kg), deprenyl (1 mg/kg), and pargyline (10 mg/kg) did not acutely affect mouse locomotor activity, these doses were chosen to treat the male C57BL/6j mice on a daily basis. RESULTS: Fourteen consecutive days of pretreatments with clorgyline, deprenyl, or pargyline (one injection per day) did not affect natural reward-supported operant behavior, since acquisition of the lever pressing responses for food pellets under an FR-1 protocol did not differ among these drug- and saline-treated mice. Likewise, 24 consecutive days of pretreatments with clorgyline did not alter acquisition of the cocaine (0.3 mg/kg per infusion)-supported operant responses under an FR-1 protocol. In contrast, 24 days of pretreatments with deprenyl and pargyline abolished the cocaine-supported operant responses under a similar protocol. Twenty-four days of clorgyline treatment enhanced serotonin contents in striatum, nucleus accumbens, and frontal cortex. Frontal cortical 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and 5-hydroxyindoleacidic acid concentrations were decreased following 24 days of pretreatments with deprenyl and pargyline. These changes were not evident in mice pretreated with clorgyline. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that long-term treatments with MAO-B inhibitors may decrease cocaine-supported operant responses in cocaine-naïve mice by selectively decreasing frontal cortical metabolism of dopamine and serotonin.


Assuntos
Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Cocaína/farmacologia , Condicionamento Operante/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidores da Captação de Dopamina/farmacologia , Recompensa , Ácido 3,4-Di-Hidroxifenilacético/metabolismo , Análise de Variância , Animais , Dopamina/metabolismo , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Esquema de Medicação , Comportamento Alimentar/efeitos dos fármacos , Ácido Hidroxi-Indolacético/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Inibidores da Monoaminoxidase/farmacologia , Atividade Motora/efeitos dos fármacos , Esquema de Reforço , Serotonina/metabolismo , Fatores de Tempo
7.
Int J Psychol ; 44(4): 274-81, 2009 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22029556

RESUMO

When someone is criticized for some failure or deficiency, he or she is faced with a dilemma about whether or how to respond. To date, most research on responses to criticism has adopted a communication approach and has focused on general social complaints. The present study instead adopted the perspective of stress and coping and aimed to delineate possible responses to criticism pertaining to one's physical appearance. We investigated the efficacy of three coping styles, namely acceptance, avoidance, and retaliation in explaining emotional reactions towards such criticism, and we additionally controlled for personality characteristics, in particular assertion and harmony beliefs. A sample of Taiwanese university students (N = 300) was surveyed for their coping styles and psychological outcomes, and personality traits were examined as possible predictors of response options. We found that (1) acceptance, retaliation, and avoidance were three broad coping styles in this problematic social situation; (2) the individual trait of assertion was negatively related to the use of avoidance, while harmony beliefs were positively related to acceptance and avoidance, but negatively related to retaliation; and (3) the use of acceptance and avoidance were positively related to positive emotions, whereas retaliation was positively related to negative emotions. Males tended to use more acceptance. Implications of these findings were discussed in relation to existing studies of communication, stress and coping. Possible influences of the Chinese collectivist culture on people's responses to criticism were also delineated, such as valuing interpersonal harmony and face-work in social situations.


Assuntos
Adaptação Psicológica , Povo Asiático/psicologia , Beleza , Individualidade , Preconceito , Desejabilidade Social , Estudantes/psicologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Caráter , Mecanismos de Defesa , Feminino , Humanos , Relações Interpessoais , Masculino , Inventário de Personalidade/estatística & dados numéricos , Psicometria , Fatores Sexuais , Meio Social , Valores Sociais , Taiwan/etnologia , Reino Unido , Adulto Jovem
8.
Behav Brain Res ; 182(1): 103-8, 2007 Aug 22.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17574689

RESUMO

Drug memory plays an important role in priming subsequent drug use. We used drug-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) as a paradigm to study such drug memory. In this paradigm, repeated association of specific environmental cues with abused drug-induced subjective euphoria has been suggested to motivate later biased approaching behavior toward the euphoria-linked environment at a drug-free status. Our previous report indicated that formation of methamphetamine-induced CPP was independent of de novo protein synthesis. We suspected that methamphetamine-produced effects independent of its hedonic value may be responsible for the drug-induced place preference. One such possibility was that methamphetamine treatment directly disrupted the sensory encoding process and rodents' novelty-seeking propensity consequently determined the biased place performance. We observed that mice undergoing three times of methamphetamine and compartment pairings exhibited similar compartment preference as those with only one or two methamphetamine-compartment pairings even though they all experienced three vehicle-compartment pairings. Moreover, 30 min before the CPP test, single methamphetamine injection at a dose of 1mg/kg abolished methamphetamine (1mg/kg)-induced CPP, while one dose of cocaine (5mg/kg) did not affect cocaine (5mg/kg)-induced CPP under a similar protocol. Finally, pretreatment with 1mg/kg of methamphetamine impaired the spontaneous alteration and recognition performance in Y maze task and impeded the object recognition performance. Taken together, we conclude that methamphetamine-induced CPP performance may be, in part, caused by methamphetamine-impaired sensory processing.


Assuntos
Estimulantes do Sistema Nervoso Central/farmacologia , Condicionamento Operante/efeitos dos fármacos , Metanfetamina/farmacologia , Transtornos de Sensação/induzido quimicamente , Transtornos de Sensação/fisiopatologia , Animais , Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Distribuição de Qui-Quadrado , Condicionamento Operante/fisiologia , Masculino , Aprendizagem em Labirinto/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Reconhecimento Psicológico/efeitos dos fármacos
9.
N Engl J Med ; 356(1): 11-20, 2007 Jan 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17202451

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Current staging methods are inadequate for predicting the outcome of treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We developed a five-gene signature that is closely associated with survival of patients with NSCLC. METHODS: We used computer-generated random numbers to assign 185 frozen specimens for microarray analysis, real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis, or both. We studied gene expression in frozen specimens of lung-cancer tissue from 125 randomly selected patients who had undergone surgical resection of NSCLC and evaluated the association between the level of expression and survival. We used risk scores and decision-tree analysis to develop a gene-expression model for the prediction of the outcome of treatment of NSCLC. For validation, we used randomly assigned specimens from 60 other patients. RESULTS: Sixteen genes that correlated with survival among patients with NSCLC were identified by analyzing microarray data and risk scores. We selected five genes (DUSP6, MMD, STAT1, ERBB3, and LCK) for RT-PCR and decision-tree analysis. The five-gene signature was an independent predictor of relapse-free and overall survival. We validated the model with data from an independent cohort of 60 patients with NSCLC and with a set of published microarray data from 86 patients with NSCLC. CONCLUSIONS: Our five-gene signature is closely associated with relapse-free and overall survival among patients with NSCLC.


Assuntos
Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/genética , Expressão Gênica , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Idoso , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/mortalidade , Árvores de Decisões , Feminino , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/mortalidade , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Modelos Genéticos , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Análise de Sequência com Séries de Oligonucleotídeos , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa , Risco , Análise de Sobrevida
10.
Behav Processes ; 74(2): 251-64, 2007 Feb 22.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17029817

RESUMO

How do people judge constant and varying interevent contingencies? In two experiments, 150 college students rated the efficacy of a potential cause (an experimental fertilizer) of an effect (a plant's blooming). The prevailing probabilistic interevent relation could remain constant for the entirety of the problem or it could change without warning at the midway point: by contingency reversal, by shifting from noncontingency to contingency, or by shifting from contingency to noncontingency. Participants' trial-by-trial ratings sensitively tracked the prevailing positive, negative, and noncontingent interevent relations, even those that entailed an unsignaled change in contingency. Changes in specific cells of the 2 x 2 contingency table differentially affected participants' response to the altered interevent relations. All of this evidence was well described by an associative account of contingency and causal judgments.


Assuntos
Comportamento de Escolha , Aprendizagem por Discriminação , Julgamento , Aprendizagem por Probabilidade , Adaptação Psicológica , Adulto , Análise de Variância , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Modelos Psicológicos
11.
J Soc Psychol ; 142(1): 45-59, 2002 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11913834

RESUMO

The authors examined, through an analysis of self-construals and beliefs about social interaction, the traditional and modern orientations of younger and older generations of Taiwanese people. The authors surveyed 169 pairs of parent-child dyads with a battery of structured questionnaires. Within-subjects analyses revealed high generational correlations as well as discrepancies in both traditional and modern characteristics. Between-subjects analyses further indicated that individual traditional and modern characteristics were affected by age and gender and by their interactions. The authors discuss (a) the pattern of generational similarities and discrepancies in the framework of culture stability and change and (b) the coexistence of traditional and modern characteristics in a rapidly changing society.


Assuntos
Conflito Psicológico , Características Culturais , Relação entre Gerações , Relações Pais-Filho , Socialização , Adulto , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Individuação , Masculino , Autoimagem , Apoio Social , Inquéritos e Questionários , Taiwan
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