The clinical and cost effectiveness of remote expert wound nurse consultation for healing of pressure injuries among residential aged care patients: A protocol for a prospective pilot parallel cluster randomised controlled trial.

Pressure injuries affect 1 to 46% of residents in aged care (long term) facilities and cause a substantial economic burden on health care systems. Remote expert wound nurse consultation has the potential to improve pressure injury outcomes; however, the clinical and cost effectiveness of this intervention for healing of pressure injuries in residential aged care require further investigation. We describe the remote expert wound nurse consultation intervention and the method of a prospective, pilot, cluster randomised controlled trial. The primary outcome is number of wounds healed. Secondary outcomes are wound healing rate, time to healing, wound infection, satisfaction, quality of life, cost of treatment and care, hospitalisations, and deaths. Intervention group participants receive the intervention over a 12-week period and all participants are monitored for 24 weeks. A wound imaging and measurement system is used to analyse pressure injury images. A feasibility and fidelity evaluation will be concurrently conducted. The results of the trial will inform the merit of and justification for a future definitive trial to evaluate the clinical and cost effectiveness of remote expert wound nurse consultation for the healing of pressure injuries in residential aged care.

Clinical and cost effectiveness of a system for turning and positioning intensive care unit patients, when compared to usual care turning and positioning devices, for the prevention of hospital-acquired pressure injuries. A randomised controlled trial.

Pressure injuries affect 13.1% to 45.5% of patients in the intensive care unit and lead to pain and discomfort for patients, burden on healthcare providers, and unnecessary cost to the health system. Turning and positioning systems offer improvements on usual care devices, however the evidence of the effectiveness of such systems is still emerging. We conducted an investigator initiated, prospective, single centre, two group, non-blinded, randomised controlled trial to determine the effectiveness of a system for turning and positioning intensive care unit patients, when compared to usual care turning and positioning devices, for preventing PIs. The trial was prematurely discontinued after enrolment of 78 participants due to COVID-19 pandemic related challenges and lower than expected enrolment rate. The study groups were comparable on baseline characteristics and adherence to the interventions was high. Four participants developed a PI (in the sacral, ischial tuberosity or buttock region), n = 2 each in the intervention and control group. Each participant developed one PI. As the trial is underpowered, these findings do not provide an indication of the clinical effectiveness of the interventions. There was no participant drop-out or withdrawal and there were no adverse events, device deficiencies, or adverse device effects identified or reported. The results of our study (in particular those pertaining to enrolment, intervention adherence and safety) provide considerations for future trials that seek to investigate how to prevent PIs among ICU patients.

Characteristics of COVID-19 patients who developed pressure injuries: a scoping review.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the characteristics of patients with COVID-19 who developed pressure injuries (PIs), the characteristics of PIs experienced, and the incidence and prevalence of PIs among the patients with COVID-19. PIs are associated with increased morbidity, mortality and healthcare expense. PIs have been reported among patients who have contracted COVID-19. Understanding the characteristics of COVID-19 patients, and how PIs are prevented and managed, may inform care and optimise the outcomes for COVID-19-positive patients. METHOD: A scoping review was conducted. All study designs, including grey literature, published in the English language from December 2019 to March 2021, reporting on patients with COVID-19 and PIs, were included. RESULTS: In total, 27 publications (n=4820 patients) were included in the review. The reported incidence rate of PIs was 7.3-77.0%. The causative factors noted were: prone positioning (28.5%); medical devices (21.4%); and medical devices used during prone positioning (14.2%). The most common PI sites were the cheeks (18.7%). PIs occurred on average at 14.7 days post-acute care admission. Of the PIs where staging information was specified (67.7%), the most common was Stage 2/II (45.2%). PI risk may intensify on account of the intrinsic mechanism of COVID-19-associated intensive care treatment. CONCLUSION: PI prevention and management should be prioritised for patients with COVID-19, given the reported high prevalence of PIs and exacerbated risk arising from the use of prone position and medical devices. Further research is required to understand the association between COVID-19 and PIs, and to guide effective prevention and treatment approaches.

Chronic wounds.

Chronic wounds are characterized by their inability to heal within an expected time frame and have emerged as an increasingly important clinical problem over the past several decades, owing to their increasing incidence and greater recognition of associated morbidity and socio-economic burden. Even up to a few years ago, the management of chronic wounds relied on standards of care that were outdated. However, the approach to these chronic conditions has improved, with better prevention, diagnosis and treatment. Such improvements are due to major advances in understanding of cellular and molecular aspects of basic science, in innovative and technological breakthroughs in treatment modalities from biomedical engineering, and in our ability to conduct well-controlled and reliable clinical research. The evidence-based approaches resulting from these advances have become the new standard of care. At the same time, these improvements are tempered by the recognition that persistent gaps exist in scientific knowledge of impaired healing and the ability of clinicians to reduce morbidity, loss of limb and mortality. Therefore, taking stock of what is known and what is needed to improve understanding of chronic wounds and their associated failure to heal is crucial to ensuring better treatments and outcomes.

Implementability of healthcare interventions: an overview of reviews and development of a conceptual framework.

BACKGROUND: Implementation research may play an important role in reducing research waste by identifying strategies that support translation of evidence into practice. Implementation of healthcare interventions is influenced by multiple factors including the organisational context, implementation strategies and features of the intervention as perceived by people delivering and receiving the intervention. Recently, concepts relating to perceived features of interventions have been gaining traction in published literature, namely, acceptability, fidelity, feasibility, scalability and sustainability. These concepts may influence uptake of healthcare interventions, yet there seems to be little consensus about their nature and impact. The aim of this paper is to develop a testable conceptual framework of implementability of healthcare interventions that includes these five concepts. METHODS: A multifaceted approach was used to develop and refine a conceptual framework of implementability of healthcare interventions. An overview of reviews identified reviews published between January 2000 and March 2021 that focused on at least one of the five concepts in relation to a healthcare intervention. These findings informed the development of a preliminary framework of implementability of healthcare interventions which was presented to a panel of experts. A nominal group process was used to critique, refine and agree on a final framework. RESULTS: A total of 252 publications were included in the overview of reviews. Of these, 32% were found to be feasible, 4% reported sustainable changes in practice and 9% were scaled up to other populations and/or settings. The expert panel proposed that scalability and sustainability of a healthcare intervention are dependent on its acceptability, fidelity and feasibility. Furthermore, acceptability, fidelity and feasibility require re-evaluation over time and as the intervention is developed and then implemented in different settings or with different populations. The final agreed framework of implementability provides the basis for a chronological, iterative approach to planning for wide-scale, long-term implementation of healthcare interventions. CONCLUSIONS: We recommend that researchers consider the factors acceptability, fidelity and feasibility (proposed to influence sustainability and scalability) during the preliminary phases of intervention development, evaluation and implementation, and iteratively check these factors in different settings and over time.

The "self-treatment of wounds for venous leg ulcers checklist" (STOW-V Checklist V1.0): Part 1-Development, pilot and refinement of the checklist.

Patients who have chronic wounds such as leg ulcers should be active participants in their treatment and care. This participation may include self-treatment of the wound which involves the patient cleaning the wound, applying and removing wound dressings, and/or applying and removing compression therapy. The aim of the study was to develop a Checklist to assist nurses to appraise the conduct of wound treatment when undertaken by the patient. A three-phase mixed methods study was conducted. A systematic and evidence-based approach to developing and using structured observations for the study of health behaviour guided the process of developing, piloting and refining the Checklist. The resulting "Self-Treatment of Wounds for Venous Leg Ulcers Checklist" (STOW-V Checklist V1.0) can assist the nurse to evaluate the conduct of key self-treatment behaviours in the areas of equipment and workspace, hand hygiene, wound dressing removal, skin care, wound cleansing and debridement, wound assessment, wound dressing application, and compression therapy application. The growing recognition that patients can benefit when involved in care, the need to enact self-management because of COVID-19, and the ever present competition for healthcare funding and resources are compelling reasons for patients, care providers, and healthcare services to afford the self-management approach, and associated interventions such as self-treatment, greater consideration. It is recommended that the STOW-V Checklist is used with patients in a shared-care model, with nurses and other healthcare professionals providing supervision and oversight of self-treatment practices whenever this is feasible and acceptable to the patient.

The "self-treatment of wounds for venous leg ulcers checklist" (STOW-V Checklist V1.0): Part 2-The reliability of the Checklist.

The "Self-Treatment of Wounds for Venous Leg Ulcers Checklist" (STOW-V Checklist V1.0) is an evidence-based, standardised tool designed to assist nurses to appraise the conduct of wound treatment when undertaken by patients who have venous leg ulcers. A prospective reliability study was conducted to determine the reliability of the STOW-V Checklist V1.0. Video-recordings of patients who self-treated their leg ulcer were obtained (n = 5) and nurses (n = 15) viewed each video-recording three times and concurrently completed the Checklist. Internal consistency, inter-rater reliability and intra-rater reliability were evaluated. Cronbach's alpha for items in the Checklist was 0.792, 0.791 and 0.783 for Occasions 1, 2 and 3, respectively, indicating good reliability. Inter-rater reliability was 0.938, 0.958 and 0.927 for Occasions 1, 2 and 3, respectively; these results were statistically significant and indicative of excellent reliability. Intra-rater reliability was 0.403 to 0.999; these results were statistically significant and meeting or exceed adequacy in the case of all except two raters. The study provides preliminary evidence that the Checklist is measuring the concepts that it intends to measure and that there is a high level of agreement among raters. It is recommended that the STOW-V Checklist V1.0 is utilised with patients in a shared-care model, with nurses and other healthcare professionals providing supervision and oversight of self-treatment practices whenever this is feasible and acceptable to the patient.

Effect of Safewards on reducing conflict and containment and the experiences of staff and consumers: A mixed-methods systematic review.

Safewards is an internationally adopted framework that provides interventions to reduce conflict and containment in healthcare settings. This systematic review evaluated the effect of Safewards on conflict and containment events in inpatient units and the perceptions of staff and consumers. Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-methods studies were considered for inclusion. Following the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology, two reviewers independently screened, appraised, and extracted data. Qualitative data were synthesized using inductive-thematic analysis. Quantitative and qualitative data were integrated with a convergent-segregated approach and presented in tabular and narrative format. A search of 13 databases and grey literature yielded 14 studies of variable methodological quality. Four studies reported reduced rates of conflict and one study reported reductions that were not statistically significant. Six studies reported reductions in rates of containment, three studies found no statistical significance and one study reported statistically significant reductions at follow-up. Staff and consumers in four studies reported an improved experience of safety. Three themes were developed as follows: (i) therapeutic hold, cohesion, support and the environment, (ii) conflict, containment and the experience of safety, and (iii) the complexities of adapting and embedding change. This review found most staff and consumers reported Safewards improved therapeutic relationships, cohesion, and ward atmosphere. Staff and consumers reported improved ward atmosphere, leading to consumer-centred, recovery-oriented care. Safewards improved the experience of safety from the perspective of staff and consumers when combined with ongoing training, leadership and time for consolidation. While results are promising they should be used cautiously until more robust evidence is established.

Establishing quality standards for graduate entry master of nursing curricula in Australia and New Zealand: A Delphi study.

AIM: To describe the common elements of Graduate Entry Master of Nursing curricula and identify a set of standards and quality indicators for benchmarking purposes within and across jurisdictions. BACKGROUND: Internationally, there has been an increase in universities offering Graduate Entry Masters programs in Nursing. Such programs specify a bachelor degree as an entry requirement and then offer an intensive program of study that prepares graduates for registration as a nurse. To date, no formal standards exist to guide evaluation of these curricula. DESIGN: A two phased sequential mixed-methods design comprising thematic content analysis of curricula and a Delphi study. The setting was the Australian and New Zealand tertiary education sectors. Participants were nurse academics who were recruited to participate in the Delphi study. Quota sampling was used to identify educators from the education providers meeting organisational inclusion criteria (program coordinator and one lecturer working as a subject coordinator of the program) and nominated by their Head of Department. METHODS: Phase One of the study involved a thematic analysis of the curricula of nine Graduate Entry Master of Nursing programs to identify common elements of curricula and domains of quality. In Phase Two these themes were used in a series of Delphi rounds to identify a set of agreed quality domains, statements and indicators. RESULTS: Participants (n = 16) responded over three Delphi rounds. A total of nine domains of quality were determined, a set of 26 quality statements were identified based on the acceptance threshold of > 75% level of agreement and 27 quality indicators were established. CONCLUSIONS: Our research provides an agreed set of indicators for evaluating the quality of Graduate Entry Master of Nursing programs. This work will also make it possible to measure the immediate and longer-term impacts of Graduate Entry Master of Nursing programs for the nursing workforce. Future work must focus on testing feasibility and optimising utility while refining indicators across jurisdictions.

Organizational strategies to optimize women's safety during labor and birth: A scoping review.

BACKGROUND: Safety is a priority for organizations that provide maternity care, however, preventable harm and errors in maternity care remain. Maternity care is considered a high risk and high litigation area of health care. To mitigate risk and litigation, organizations have implemented strategies to optimize women's safety. Our objectives were to identify the strategies implemented by organizations to optimize women's safety during labor and birth, and to consider how the concept of safety is operationalized to measure and evaluate outcomes of these strategies. METHOD: This scoping review was conducted using the Joanna Briggs Institute Scoping Review Methodology. Published peer-reviewed literature indexed in CINAHL, Medline, and Embase, databases from 2010 to 2020, were reviewed for inclusion. Fifty studies were included. Data were extracted and thematically analyzed. RESULTS: Three categories of organizational strategies were identified to optimize women's safety during labor and birth: clinical governance, models of care, and staff education. Clinical governance programs (n = 30 studies), specifically implementing checklists and audits, models of care, such as midwifery led-care (n = 11 studies), and staff training programs (n = 9 studies), were predominately for the management of obstetric emergencies. Outcome measures included morbidity and mortality for woman and newborns. Three studies discussed women's perceptions of safety during labor and birth as an outcome measure. CONCLUSIONS: Organizations utilize a range of strategies to optimize women's safety during labor and birth. The main outcome measure used to evaluate strategies was focused on clinical outcomes for the mother and newborn.

Reducing stress, anxiety and depression in undergraduate nursing students: Systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: Undergraduate nursing students may experience high levels of stress, anxiety or depression. This can not only influence their personal wellbeing and academic performance, but also communication with patients during clinical placement and the quality and safety of the healthcare delivered. The objective of the review was to identify interventions that target stress, anxiety or depressed mood in undergraduate nursing students during their undergraduate course. REVIEW METHOD: A quantitative systematic review, guided by the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology, was conducted. The review considered studies that included undergraduate nurses, and which evaluated interventions targeting stress, anxiety and depressed mood. The review included experimental studies published in English from 2008 to 2018. A tabulated and narrative summary was utilised to present the results. RESULTS: A total of 1579 studies were identified following a systematic search and 931 studies were screened by title and abstract. A total of 44 studies were critically appraised resulting in 22 studies for inclusion in the systematic review. The studies focused on stress (10 studies), anxiety (14 studies) and depression (7 studies). The majority of the studies (18 of 22) reported a statistically significant reduction in the stress, anxiety or depression experienced by nursing students who participated in interventions targeting these symptoms. Interventions that sought to improve coping management skills, such as mindfulness-based interventions, were most reported. CONCLUSION: There are a range of effective interventions that target stress, anxiety or depressed mood among nursing students. The quality of the studies reporting these interventions was found to be variable and generally samples were small with limited follow-up. Studies of mindfulness interventions comprised the largest sample sizes, displayed the highest levels of evidence, and transcended stress, anxiety and depressed mood. Future research would benefit from a co-ordinated approach to build the strength of the body of evidence.

Use of the Safewards Model in healthcare services: a mixed-method scoping review protocol.

INTRODUCTION: Safewards is an organisational approach to delivering inpatient mental health services. The aim of Safewards is to minimise the number of situations in which conflict arises between healthcare workers and patients that lead to the use of coercive interventions (restriction and/or containment).The Safewards Model has been developed, implemented and evaluated for its impact on all forms of containment. Safewards has been adopted as the recommended approach to preventing patient agitation and clinical aggression in some jurisdictions. Notwithstanding these recommendations, the outcomes of Safewards for staff and patients have not been comprehensively described.The aim of the scoping review is to describe (1) Safewards interventions; (2) how Safewards interventions have been implemented in healthcare settings; (3) outcome measures used to evaluate the effectiveness of Safewards; (4) barriers and enablers to the uptake and sustainability of Safewards. This review will provide a foundation for further research and/or systematic review of the effectiveness of Safewards. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: Peer-reviewed manuscripts of quantitative, qualitative and mixed-method research in English with be included for the period 01 January 2013- December 31st 2020. Electronic databases including Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Cochrane, Embase, Emcare, Joanna Briggs Institute, Medline, Global Health, PsycINFO and Scopus will be searched. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis extension for Scoping Reviews checklist and explanation and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Protocol will be followed. Publications will be excluded if they do not include the required participants, concept or context. Two reviewers will independently screen all titles and abstracts and full-text studies for inclusion. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethical approval for this review is not required as the information to be collected is publicly available. There are no participants or safety considerations in this review of published literature. Key findings for future research and clinical practice will be disseminated though peer-reviewed publication, stakeholder reporting and conference presentations.

The effect of self-treatment of wounds on quality of life: a qualitative study.

OBJECTIVE: Skin wounds, such as leg ulcers and pressure ulcers (PUs), can have a negative effect on quality of life (QoL). This effect has been confirmed among self-treaters of wounds, specifically. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of self-treatment of wounds on the physical, emotional, lifestyle and financial domains of QoL. The findings of the study may be used to optimise the wellbeing of people who have wounds. METHOD: A qualitative study was conducted with people who were 18 years of age or older; lived in Victoria, Australia; spoke English; and had a wound that they had self-treated. Participants were interviewed and the data thematically analysed to identify themes that represented the effect of self-treatment on the physical, emotional, lifestyle and financial domains of QoL. RESULTS: The participants (n=25) averaged 71 years of age and the majority (n=20) had leg wounds. Participants described mostly positive effects on QoL that were attributable to self-treatment. Self-treatment improved physical wellbeing because it resulted in better pain management and wound healing; however, it was a physical challenge for some. Self-treatment enhanced emotional wellbeing because it helped to manage worry about infection and resolve dissatisfaction with professional care. Self-treatment lessened the social consequences of the wound by enabling participants to create an acceptable appearance, maintain their lifestyle and minimise time receiving professional care. Self-treatment reduced the financial cost of wound dressings and the expense associated with receiving professional care. CONCLUSION: As an approach to care, self-treatment of wounds may offer QoL gains that might otherwise be unachievable. The importance of engaging patients in their own management, and the increasing accountability of healthcare providers to report consumer-focused outcomes, are further reasons to consider self-treatment of wounds as an approach to care in the community setting.

Positioning immobile critically ill patients who are at risk of pressure injuries using a purpose-designed positioning device and usual care equipment: An observational feasibility study.

The prevalence of pressure injuries in the intensive care unit (ICU) setting is high with rates ranging from 13.1% to 45.5%. Evaluation of interventions to prevent pressure injuries should be informed by preliminary research to identify factors that should be considered during the design of future trials. The study objectives were to evaluate the process of participant recruitment and monitoring in the ICU; measure the maintenance of body angle (in the side-lying lateral tilt position) and head and neck alignment angle (in the supine position) among immobile critically ill patients when using a purpose-designed positioning device and usual care equipment, and; ascertain the time required to position patients with the purpose-designed positioning device and the usual care equipment. A prospective, observational, feasibility study was conducted in an ICU in Victoria, Australia. The sample was immobile critically ill adults at high-risk of developing pressure injuries. The usual care interventions were pillows, foam wedges, and rolled towels, and the intervention device was the Z-Flo Fluidized Positioner. The body angle and head and neck alignment were measured on six occasions (at baseline, 1 hour, and 2 hours). The time required for positioning was also measured. The sample was predominately male (n = 5, 62%) with a mean age of 59 years. The majority of patients (n = 106, 92.2%) were not immobile and therefore were ineligible to participate. A total of 48 turning and positioning interventions were observed. For the side-lying lateral tilt position, the degree of difference from baseline to 2 hours was no more than three degrees for all the devices (the Fluidized Positioner 25°-26°, the foam wedge 29°-27°, and the pillow 23°-21°). For the head and neck position, the degree of difference from baseline to 2 hours was the greatest for the pillow and rolled towel (78°-71°, a difference of 7°) and the pillow alone (79°-74°, a difference of 5°). The degree of difference was the lowest for the Fluidized Positioner (84°-86°, a difference of 2°). Future research to evaluate positioning equipment in the ICU should consider patient eligibility characteristics, particularly immobility. The conduct of preliminary studies to inform the design of larger pressure injury prevention trials is recommended.

Home-based rehabilitation in inoperable non-small cell lung cancer-the patient experience.

PURPOSE: Exercise is important in lung cancer, yet most people do not meet the physical activity guidelines. The aim of this study was to characterise the views and experiences of participants with inoperable lung cancer who completed a home-based rehabilitation program. METHODS: Ninety-two participants were recruited (45 intervention group [IG], 47 usual care). Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted with participants randomised to the IG of a trial of home-based exercise, behaviour change and symptom management. Data were independently coded by two researchers, cross-checked and analysed using content analysis with a summary of arising themes. RESULTS: Of the IG (25/45), 55% were interviewed: mean (SD) age 67 (13) years; male 52%; disease stage n (%) III = 9 (36), IV = 11 (44); radical treatment intent n (%) 13 (52). The majority of participants reported program benefits, both in the physical domain (reduced sedentary time and improved strength, fitness and function) and the mental domain (motivation to keep healthy, preventing boredom). Support to self-manage symptoms was well received and many participants reported increased confidence in managing their symptoms. Exercise enablers included having expert health professional support; motivation to be stronger and better prepared for future challenges; and having an achievable and familiar program that was monitored. Treatment side-effects, pain from comorbidities and the weather were exercise barriers. For the majority of participants the use of a Fitbit™ activity tracker, text message exercise reminders and an exercise diary helped to promote adherence. CONCLUSIONS: This home-based rehabilitation program was acceptable to most participants with multiple benefits reported including improved fitness, motivation and ability to manage symptoms.

An evaluation of the use of management care plans for people who frequently attend the emergency department.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the use of management plans for people who frequently attend the emergency department (ED). BACKGROUND: Management plans are used to decrease ED utilisation by people who frequently attend. There is limited evidence regarding the use management plans for this population and the perspectives of staff who use them has previously not been considered. DESIGN: A descriptive observational design including before and after measures of attendance (November 2010 to September 2014) and survey of staff perceptions (July to November 2014). The setting was a major metropolitan hospital ED in Australia. METHODS: The date for commencement of each plan was determined. Data were extracted regarding ED attendance 12 months before and after implementation. Staff perspectives were obtained via an online survey. RESULTS: Fifty-seven patients made 1482 ED attendances. Of these 830 occurred in the 12 months before the management plan was implemented and 652 during the 12 months after. The number of attendances per patient decreased from a median of 11 to 4. Staff considered management plans to be beneficial to care planning practices and individual patient outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Management plans were acceptable to staff, and implementation of management plans was associated with a decrease in ED attendance.

An observational study of the maintenance of the 30°â€Šside-lying lateral tilt position among aged care residents at risk of developing pressure injuries when using the standard care pillow and a purpose-designed positioning device.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the maintenance of the 30° side-lying lateral tilt position among aged care residents at the risk of developing pressure injuries when using the standard care pillow and a purpose-designed positioning device. An observational study was conducted. Participants were monitored during positioning under two conditions, with pillows and with a fluidised positioner. Body angle measurements were taken at three time points (baseline, 1 hour, and 2 hours) on 10 occasions. Repeated-measures analysis assessed the difference in the degree of the angle of the body. The sample (n = 12) had an average age of 83 years, and the participants were immobile when in bed. The average angle with the pillow condition was 26.7° at baseline, 21.5° at 1 hour, and 16.6° at 2 hours. The average angle with the fluidised positioner condition was 30.7° at baseline, 29.3° at 1 hour, and 26.8° at 2 hours. The main effects of Condition and Time were significant: Condition: F(1,11) = 14.378, P < .001, Time: F(2,22) = 45.858, P < .001. There was a statistically significant interaction between the effects of Condition and Time on the average lateral tilt position, F(2,22) = 15.574, P < .001. The lateral tilt body position was better maintained with the positioning device than the pillow. Further research is required to determine the effectiveness of the fluidised positioner for pressure injury prevention.

The direct cost of pressure injuries in an Australian residential aged care setting.

Pressure injuries have a negative effect on well-being and the cost of treatment places a significant burden on the health care system. Research has, however, tended to extrapolate or estimate the cost of pressure injuries resulting in uncertainty regarding the true cost of this condition. The aim of this prospective observational study was to quantify the cost of pressure injury treatment in the Australian residential aged care setting. An electronic health care record audit and observation of usual pressure injury treatment was undertaken with a sample of 20 participants who had 23 pressure injuries. The actual treatment cost, an evidence-based practice model cost, and a projected treatment cost were calculated. The overall cost of pressure injury treatment was AU$98,489.22. The average daily cost by pressure injury stage was AU$26.42 for a Stage 1 pressure injury, AU$37.17 for a Stage 2 pressure injury, AU$30.01 for a Stage 3 pressure injury, and AU$10.22 for an Unstageable pressure injury. The projected cost of treatment was AU$104,510.41. At 42 days this cost extended to AU$116,552.79. This study has quantified the cost of pressure injury treatment in a residential aged care setting. The study may inform future efforts to accurately calculate the cost of PIs and the effectiveness of strategies to reduce the economic burden of this condition.

A randomised controlled trial of the clinical effectiveness of multi-layer silicone foam dressings for the prevention of pressure injuries in high-risk aged care residents: The Border III Trial.

Pressure injuries are prevalent in highly dependent aged care residents. This study investigated the clinical effectiveness of the application of the Mepilex Border Sacrum and Mepilex Heel dressings to prevent the development of facility-acquired pressure injuries. A total of 288 recently admitted residents were enrolled from 40 Australian nursing homes into a randomised controlled trial. Residents randomised to standard care (n = 150) received pressure injury prevention as recommended by international guidelines. Residents randomised to the intervention (n = 138) received standard pressure injury prevention care and had dressings applied to their sacrum and heels. Participants were comparable on demographic and physiological parameters. More residents in the control group developed pressure injuries than in the intervention group (16 vs 3, P = 0.004), and they developed more pressure injuries in total than residents in the intervention group. The results represent a relative risk reduction of 80% for residents treated with the dressings and for every 12 patients that we treated we prevented one pressure injury. Based on our findings, we conclude that the use of the Mölnlycke Mepilex Border Sacrum and Mepilex Heel dressings confers a significant additional protective benefit to nursing home residents with a high risk of developing a facility-acquired pressure injury.

Predicting the likelihood of venous leg ulcer recurrence: The diagnostic accuracy of a newly developed risk assessment tool.

The aim of this study was to validate a newly developed tool for predicting the risk of recurrence within 12 months of a venous leg ulcer healing. Performance of the tool to predict recurrence within a 12-month period was assessed using Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (AUC) analysis. Multi-site retrospective and prospective longitudinal studies were undertaken to validate a risk assessment tool for the recurrence of venous leg ulcers within 12 months. In the retrospective study (n = 250), 55% of venous leg ulcers recurred within 12 months, and the risk assessment total score had excellent discrimination and goodness of fit with an AUC of 0.83 (95% CI, 0.76-0.90, P < .001). The prospective study (n = 143) observed that 50.4% (n = 63) of venous leg ulcers recurred within 12 months of healing. Participants were classified using the risk assessment tool as being at low risk (28%), moderate risk (59%), and high risk (13%); the proportion of wounds recurring at 12 months was 15%, 61%, and 67% for each group, respectively. Validation results indicated good discrimination and goodness of fit, with an AUC of 0.73 (95% CI, 0.64-0.82, P < .001). Validation of this risk assessment tool for the recurrence of venous leg ulcers provides clinicians with a resource to identify high-risk patients and to guide decisions on adjunctive, tailored interventions to address the specific risk factors to decrease the risk of recurrence.